The Carboniferous-Permian volcanic rocks in eastern and western Junggar have evolved into the practical hydrocarbon exploration displacement series of strata. Practice shows that the reservoir formation of the Carboniferous-Permian volcanic rocks is mostly based on the "source control theory", as well as the reservoir formation and distribution is controlled by regional structural evolution, i.e., the control of the development of Carboniferous hydrocarbon generating sags and the distribution of source rocks. The Carboniferous volcanic rocks in western Junggar belong to systematic marine and continental intermediate-basic volcanic rock assemblages and are characterized by the convergence of island-arc transitional crust volcanic rocks. The Carboniferous volcanic rocks in eastern Junggar belong to basic and intermediate-acid rock assemblages and are characterized by early island-arc compression and late intraplate extension. Permian volcanic rocks are formed by intraplate extension after collision stage. The Carboniferous hydrocarbon generating sags and source rocks are mainly formed in the anterior and posterior margin of the Kelameili island-arc belt in eastern Junggar. The Permian hydrocarbon generating sags and source rocks are mainly formed in the back-arc extensional basin in the fault zone in northwestern margin and the Santanghu area in eastern margin. The target and domains of exploration for oil and gas in Carboniferous-Permian volcanic rocks are around the development zones of inherited structures, i.e., the fault zone in northwestern margin of western Junggar (the Karamay-Baikouquan fault zone and the Hongshanzui-Chepaizi fault zone), the Kelameili orogenic zone in eastern Junggar (the Kupu-Santanghu Basin, the Beisantai bulge-Jimusaer sag, the Dajing-Shiqiantan area), the Ludong-Wucaiwan area and Mobei bulge in northern Junggar.

Through analysis on the history of hydrocarbongeneration from source rocks, paleo-structural evolution features and gas reservoir-forming composition, period of time, and gas reservoir types, it is regarded that the northeastern Ordos Basin is different from the middle and the south for their different thermal evolution degrees of organic burials of gas source rocks. Influenced by multi-stage structural uplift, gas migration, accumulation, and reservoir formation in the northeastern Ordos Basin experience two stages, that is, the early stage and the late stage. The reservoirs formed at the early stage are mainly concentrated in the south of the studied area and feature in near-sources formation under high temperature and high pressure. At the late stage, owing to the intense structural movement and the lost of abnormal pressure of regional sealing beds, gas migrates and accumulates upward and the cross reservoir-forming composition is developed. Therefore, according to the features of reservoir temperature and pressure and the process of reservoir formation, the gas reservoir-forming pattern of the area is summarized as three stages, that is, the high temperature and high pressure stage, the high temperature and low pressure stage, and the adjustment stage of temperature and pressure. On the basis of this, controlling factors and distribution laws of gas reservoirs are discussed, indicating a direction for Paleozoic gas exploration in the area.

Based on the analysis of structural characteristics and evolution, anatomise of hydrocarbon reservoirs and analysis of falling drills, eight types of reservoirs are recognized, i.e., the layer anticlinal reservoir, the fault block reservoir, the fault-nose reservoir, the structural fault reservoir, the sand lens reservoir, the up-dip pinch-out sandstone reservoir, the lithologic-structural reservoir, the lithologic fault reservoir. The controlling factors of reservoir formation are concluded in seven respects, i.e., the oil source condition, the effective reservoir, the power of hydrocarbon migration, the migration pathway, the effective trap, the source-reservoir-cap assemblage, and the preserving condition at the late stage. Five patterns of reservoir formation are summarized, i.e., the multi-stage and multi-directional reservoir of structural uplift zone, the upper source rock and lower reservoir near oil sources and sags, the multi-source reservoir of discordogenic fault communication, the fault-screened reservoir-forming pattern of slope zone, and the reservoir of negative structure. According to the analysis, the key time for reservoir formation in the area is the end of sediments in Nenjiang and Mingshui Formations.

The volcanic rock types, characteristics of lithofacies, pores, and fractures are further analyzed and studied by means of core observation, identification of common slice and casting slice under the microscope, rock chemical analysis and high-speed mercury penetration. The factors influencing reservoirs are analyzed from the perspectives of diagenesis, lithology, and lithofacies. Volcanic rocks in the studied area can be classified into two major categories, i.e., volcanic lava and pyroclastic rocks, of which the lithophysa rhyolite, pellets rhyolite and ignimbrite are favorable reservoirs. Lithofacies can be divided into 5 facies and 16 subfacies. The upper subfacies and the top subfacies of eruptive facies as well as the hot debris flow subfacies of explosive facies are favorable reservoir facies. In addition, the pattern of volcanic lithofacies and the law of facies evolution of the studied area are proposed in this paper.

This paper starts with the structural movement, geological features, sedimentary filling models during Neogene and their correlation with the structural geological features during Paleogene, dividing and naming the structural units during Neogene for the first time. All the units are divided into four zones, i.e., the overlapped zone with trough margin, the shallow sag zone, the gentle slope zone, and the drape structural zone. The structural styles of all structural zones are concluded. The significances of petroleum geology of the division are illustrated from the perspectives of the relationship between neotectonic movement and late reservoir formation and the guidance for oil and gas exploration in different structural zones.

In view of the high exploration and development degree, the great number of oil bearing series, and the great difficulty in trundle development of reservoirs in complex fault blocks of Kongnan area, Huanghua Depression, the idea of carrying out fine trundle research on the plane and profile is proposed in this paper. Three analyses and five evaluations conducted on the plane, the reservoir reexamination and increase in reserves on the profile are illustrated as well. The method has been applied to the field successfully and can be good reference to the fine trundle research on complex fault blocks in Bohai Bay area

Static correction is always a key issue for land seismic exploration, so whether the static correction is right or wrong can exert direct effect on the quality of seismic data processing. The problem of static correction gets especially prominent in the seismic exploration of the rough mountainous region in western China. So the surface consistency hypothesis and the horizontal layered model hypothesis are not correspondent with actual geological conditions. There will exist a major error by using the method of surface consistent static correction. In this paper, several non-surface consistent static correction methods are proposed, including the static correction method by using floating datum, the method of surface model static correction by wavefield continuation, the method of smooth static correction. As a result, the signal to noise ratio is increased and better results are obtained

The Taibei sag is changed by the tilting action of late structural movement, so the structure of lithologic reservoir is formed. The prediction of lithologic traps gets very difficult due to the vertical distribution of thin interbeded layers of sandstone and mudstone which are the major target strata in middle Jurassic formation of Putaogou zone, the sharp horizontal phase change, and the small difference of wave impedance characteristics between sandstone and mudstone. This paper makes an effective prediction and evaluation of the growth conditions of lithologic traps and reservoirs in the process of exploration, based on the technologies including sequence stratigraphy, sedimentary microfacies study, lithologic logging curve rebuilding inversion, seismic attribute analysis, the absorption analysis of seismic wavelet. Through the research of the exploration technology for years, rich hydrocarbon accumulation zones of structure and lithologic reservoirs in Putaogou zone are found.

This paper indicates through worldwide analysis that the application of data mining (DM) in petroleum exploration databases is in the initial stage. It briefly describes the structures, functions, algorithms and key techniques of data mining based on the work of pioneer contributors. A case study of well-logging interpretation introduces the processes, methods and application results of DM in concrete terms, proving that the DM used is feasible and practical. In the case study, multiple regression analysis is adopted as a dimension-reduction algorithm, while artificial neural network and support vector machine are employed as mining algorithms for knowledge discovery. Since a great number of petroleum exploration databases (including databanks and datastores) have been or will be built in China, it is time to further develop the techniques of DM that will become powerful tools for petroleum geology research and exploration decision.

The basins in Latin America are divided into such types as forearc basins, foreland basins, passive margin basins, intracratonic basins, etc.. Taking the Maranon and Campos basins as examples, this paper discusses the petroleum geological characteristics of the uppermost petroliferous basins- --foreland basins and passive margin basins. In Maranon Basin, source rocks in the Cretaceous Chonta Formation and the Triassic-Jurassic Pucara Group, the reservoirs in the Chonta Formation and the Vivian Formation, and the mudstone in the Chonta Formation and Paleogene Cachiyacu Formation make up favorable source-reservoir-cap assemblages. The sandstone in the Lower-Cretaceous Cushabtay Formationwith high porosity and high permeability and the active faults provide efficient pathways for oil and gas migration. The intense salt movement of the Campos Basin plays a crucial role in the process of migration and accumulation of oil and gas. Oil and gas, generated by the Lower Cretaceous Lagoa Feia Formation, migrates to overlying turbidite reservoirs through salt windows. It finally accumulates in the structural traps or structural-stratigraphic traps after fault and unconformity communication.