中国煤岩气理论技术、勘探开发进展与前景展望

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2025.04.001

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 煤岩气作为一种新类型非常规天然气资源，近几年在我国取得了战略性突破，对保障能源安全意义重大。通过系统阐述煤岩气地质理论、关键技术的研究进展及勘探开发现状，并对其发展前景进行了展望。研究表明：（1）煤岩气内涵在业界已形成普遍共识。煤岩气藏富含游离气且组分复杂，煤岩是一种典型的多重介质储层，煤岩气存在运移聚集等特征，有效成藏需良好的保存条件。（2）煤岩气成藏机理与煤系全油气系统理论框架已初步构建。形成了煤岩气 “三场控藏”成藏机理认识，建立了“源储一体、箱式封存”和“多源共储、高点富集”两种类型的成藏富集模式，初步构建了煤系全油气系统理论。（3）初步形成了煤岩气资源评价、地质—工程甜点评价、实验测试、水平井多段压裂、产能评价与生产优化等技术系列，积极探索无水储层改造、煤系多层多气立体开发等技术。支撑全国累计探明煤岩气地质储量5968×10⁸m³，2024 年产量达到27×10⁸m³。（4）初步估算全国煤岩气地质资源量超30×10⁸m³，具备2035 年实现年产煤岩气300×10⁸m³ 的资源基础，将成为天然气产业新的增长极。（5）指出了煤岩气勘探开发面临的“三大挑战”，提出了未来六大理论技术攻关方向，以期推动煤岩气产业高质量发展。

关键词: 煤岩气, 地质特征, 成藏理论, 煤系全含气系统, 勘探开发, 资源潜力, 发展前景

Abstract: As a new type of unconventional natural gas resource, the exploration and development of coal-rock gas is of great significance for ensuring China’s energy security. This paper systematically elaborates on the research progress of coal-rock gas geological theories, key technologies, current status of exploration and development, and prospects for its development. The research shows that: ① A consensus has been basically reached in the industry on the connotation of the new type of coal-rock gas. It is clarified that coal rock is a typical dualporosity reservoir, and coal-rock gas reservoirs are characterized by high free gas content, oil-bearing in some reservoirs, and migration and accumulation of coal-rock gas in multi-fractured coal reservoirs. Effective reservoir formation requires good preservation conditions. ② The understanding of coal-rock gas accumulation mechanism and the theoretical framework of the whole petroleum system of coal-measure are taking shape. Based on the particularity of coal dual-porosity reservoirs, the action mechanism of fluid dynamic fields in different media is analyzed, and the understanding of the “three-field control” accumulation mechanism of coal-rock gas is initially formed. Two types of accumulation models, “source-reservoir integration and box-type sealing” and “multi-source co-storage and high-point enrichment”,are established, and the whole petroleum system of coal-measure is initially constructed. ③ In response to the characteristics of coal-rock gas reservoirs, a series of technologies have been initiallyformed, including geological-engineering sweet spot evaluation, experimental testing, horizontal well multi-stage fracturing, productivity evaluation and production optimization. Technologies such as three-dimensional development of multi-layer and multi-gas in coal measures and water-free reservoir reconstruction are actively explored. These technologies have supported the cumulative proven coal-rock gas geological reserves of 596.8×10⁹m³ nationwide, with the 2024 output reaching 2.7×10⁹m³. ④ It is preliminarily estimated that the national coal-rock gas geological resources exceed 30×1012 m3, with the development prospect of achieving an annual output of 30×10⁹ m³ by 2035, which will become a new growth pole of the natural gas industry. The current “three major challenges” in coal-rock gas exploration and development are clarified. It is proposed that future efforts should be made to strengthen theoretical and technological research in six key directions: coal-rock gas accumulation mechanism and construction of whole petroleum system of coal-measure, coal-rock gas selection and sweet spot evaluation technology, fluid seepage mechanism and migration law in coal rock, full-life cycle development optimization of coal-rock gas, coal rock mechanical characteristics and fracture propagation law, and efficient drilling, completion and reservoir reconstruction, so as to promote the high-quality development of the coal-rock gas industry.

Key words: coal-rock gas, geological characteristics, accumulation theory, exploration and development, key technologies, resource potential;development prospect, whole petroleum system of coal-measure, three-dimensional development of coal-measure multi-layers

中图分类号:

TE122.1

李国欣, 何新兴, 赵群, 张君峰, 张国生, 张雷, 徐旺林, 张斌, 杨智. 中国煤岩气理论技术、勘探开发进展与前景展望[J]. 中国石油勘探, 2025, 30(4): 1-16.

Li Guoxin, He Xinxing, Zhao Qun, Zhang Junfeng, Zhang Guosheng, Zhang Lei, Xu Wanglin, Zhang Bin, Yang Zhi. Theoretical Technology, Exploration and Development Progress, and Prospect of Coal-rock Gas in China[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2025, 30(4): 1-16.

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