巴西东部海域深水盐上碎屑岩油气成藏条件与勘探方向

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 基于国际商业数据库油气田数据和盆地地质与地球物理资料，分析了巴西东部海域深水盐上碎屑岩油气成藏条件和勘探方向。巴西东部海域盆地群经历了早白垩世凡兰吟期—早阿普特期陆内裂谷、中阿普特期—早阿尔布期陆间裂谷、中阿尔布期以来的被动大陆边缘3 个演化阶段，横向上可划分为伸展带、底辟带和挤压带。深水盐上碎屑岩油气来源于巴雷姆阶湖相页岩和赛诺曼阶—三冬阶海相页岩，烃源岩厚度大、品质优，储层物性良好，储盖条件普遍优越。盐上碎屑岩储层沉积模式显示，其动力学过程为宽缓陆架上驻留的沉积物受触发条件二次搬运、在多点位置滑塌，在陆架边缘形成平面土豆状定向排列、纵向透镜状分布的浊积体。深水沉积构型主要为无根浊积水道和朵叶体，储层沉积受盐岩变形限制和改造。深水盐上碎屑岩油气聚集受烃源灶位置、储层沉积相分布和盐岩变形联合控制。下一步勘探应重点关注陆架边缘内斜坡小盆地，勘探层位向圣埃斯皮里图盆地始新统、渐新统—中新统以及桑托斯盆地渐新统—中新统横向拓展。

关键词: 巴西；坎普斯盆地；桑托斯盆地；被动大陆边缘；深水；盐岩；盐上

Abstract: Based on the oil and gas field data and basin geological and geophysical data from international commercial databanks, this paper analyzes the hydrocarbon accumulation conditions and exploration areas of deepwater post-salt clastic rock in offshore eastern Brazil. The basins in Brazil’s eastern offshore area experienced three development stages, namely the Early Cretaceous Valanginian – Early Aptian intracontinental rifting stage, the Middle Aptian – Early Albian inter-continental rifting stage, and the passive continental marginal stage after the Middle Albian. Horizontally, the area can be divided into extensional belt, diaper belt and compressional belt. Hydrocarbon of deepwater post-salt clastic rock comes from lacustrine shale from Barremian and marine shale from Cenomanian-Santonian. The source rock is large in thickness and good in quality and physical property, with good reservoir-cap conditions. The sedimentary model of post-salt clastic rock indicates such a dynamic process as the sediments, stayed in the broad continental shelf, is re-transported under triggering conditions and slumped at a number of points. Then turbidite is shaped and laterally and lenticularly distributed in a potato-shaped alignment on the periphery of the continental shelf. The deepwater sedimentary structures are mainly the rootless turbidite channels and lobes while sedimentation of reservoirs is confined and transformed by deformation of salt rock. Hydrocarbon accumulations of deepwater post-salt clastic rock are jointly controlled by source kitchen position, distribution of reservoir sedimentary facies, and deformation of salt rock. The next-stage exploration should be focused on intra-slope ponded-basins on the periphery of continental shelf. The strata of exploration should be expanded horizontally into Eocene and Oligocene – Miocene in Espirito Santo Basin and Oligocene-Miocene in Santos Basin.

Key words: Brazil, Campos Basin, Santos Basin, passive continental margin, deepwater, salt rock, post-salt

秦雁群　梁英波　张光亚　巴　丹　杨丽丽　吴　鹏. 巴西东部海域深水盐上碎屑岩油气成藏条件与勘探方向[J]. 中国石油勘探, 2015, 20(5): 63-72.

Qin Yanqun, Liang Yingbo, Zhang Guangya, Ba Dan, Yang Lili, Wu Peng. Hydrocarbon Accumulation Conditions and Further Exploration of Post-salt Clastic Rock in Brazil’s Eastern Deepwater Area[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2015, 20(5): 63-72.

参考文献

[1] IHS. IHS Energy data [EB/OL]. http://www. ihsenergy.com. (2014-12-20) [2015-01-10].
[2]Tellus.Tellusdata[EB/OL].http://www.fugro-robertson.com/products/tellusFRL.(2014-12-28) [2015-01-05].
[3]C&C Reservoirs. DAKS data [EB/OL]. http://www.ccreservoirs.com/.(2015-01-12) [2015-01-15].
[4] 朱俊章,施和生,庞雄,等.白云深水区东部油气成因来源与成藏特征[J].中国石油勘探, 2012,17(4):20-28. Zhu Junzhang, Shi Hesheng, Pang Xiong, et al. Origins and accumulation characteristics of hydrocarbons in eastern baiyun deep water area[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2012,17(4):20-28.
[5] 赵红岩,陶维祥,于水,等.下刚果盆地深水区油气成藏要素特征及成藏模式研究[J].中国石油勘探, 2013,18(1):75-79. Zhao Hongyan, Tao Weixiang, Yu Shui, et al. Hydrocarbon accumulation characteristics and model of deep water zone of Lower Congo Basin[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2013,18(1):75-79.
[6] 刘子玉,张树林,吕明.南大西洋盆地深水区盐下地质特征差异性对比[J].中国石油勘探，2014,19(6):66-73. Liu Ziyu, Zhang Shulin, Lv Ming.Analysis of pre-salt geological characteristics of deep water basins in South Atlantic Ocean[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2014,19(6):66-73.
[7] 苏传国,姜振学,冯凯.苏丹红海中部深海区油气成藏地质条件与勘探策略[J].中国石油勘探, 2012,17(2):62-66. Su Chuanguo, Jiang Zhenxue, Feng Kai. Petroleum geological conditions & exploration strategy in deep offshore area, middle Sudanese Red Sea[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2012,17(2):62-66.
[8] Weimer P, Slatt R. Introduction to the petroleum geology of deepwater settings [M]. AAPG Studies in Geology 57. Tulsa: AAPG/Datapages, 2007:1-56.
[9] 梁英波，张光亚，刘祚冬，等. 巴西坎波斯—桑托斯盆地油气差异富集规律 [J]. 海洋地质前沿，2011,27(12):55-62. Liang Yingbo, Zhang Guangya, Liu Zuodong, et al. Hydrocarbon enrichment in the Campos and Santos Basins in Brazil [J]. Marine Geology Frontiers, 2011,27(12):55-62.
[10] 何娟,何登发,李顺利,等.南大西洋被动大陆边缘盆地大油气田形成条件与分布规律[J].中国石油勘探,2011,16(3):57-67. He Juan, He Dengfa, Li Shunli, et al. Formation and distribution of giant oil and gas fields in passive continental margin of South Atlantic Ocean[J].China Petroleum Exploration, 2011,16(3):57-67.
[11] 汪伟光,童晓光,张亚雄,等.南大西洋重点被动大陆边缘盆地油气地质特征对比[J].中国石油勘探, 2012,17(3):62-69. Wang Weiguang, Tong Xiaoguang, Zhang Yaxiong,et al. Features of major passive continental margin basins, South Atlantic Ocean[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2012,17(3):62-69.
[12] Cobbold P, Meisling K, Mount V. Reactivation of an obliquely rifted maring, Campos and Santos Basins, Southeastern Brazil [J]. AAPG Bulletin, 2001,85(11):1925-1944.
[13] Meisling K, Cobbold P, Mount V. Segmentation of an obliquely rifted margin, Campos and Santos Basins, Southeastern Brazil [J]. AAPG Bulletin, 2001, 85(11): 1903-1924.
[14] 张申，张达景，刘深艳.巴西坎普斯盆地盐下层系油气发现及其勘探潜力[J].中国石油勘探，2013,18(2):59-66. Zhang Shen, Zhang Dajing, Liu Shenyan.Discoveries and exploration potential in presalt sequences of Campos Basin in Brazil[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2013,18(2):59-66.
[15] 赵喆，张光亚，梁涛，等. 2012年世界油气勘探新发现及发展趋势 [J]. 天然气地球科学，2014,25(1):39-44. Zhao Zhe, Zhang Guangya, Liang Tao, et al. New Exploration discovery and development trend of oil/gas exploration around the world in 2012[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience, 2014,25(1):39-44.
[16] Joan F. Context, challenges, and future of deep-water plays: An overview [C]// Rosen N, Weimer P, Anjos S, et al. New understanding of the petroleum systems of continental margins of the world. 32^nd Annual GCSSEPM Foundation Bob F. Perkins Research Conference, Houston, Texas, 2012:181-220.
[17] Beglinger S, Doust H, Cloetingh S. Relating petroleum system and play development to basin evolution: Brazilian South Atlantic margin [J]. Petroleum Geoscience, 2012,18(3):315-336.
[18] 秦雁群，温志新，王兆明，等. 南大西洋深水盐下碳酸盐岩沉积特征、模式及油气成藏 [J].地学前缘，2014,21(3):127-133. Qin Yanqun, Wen Zhixin, Wang Zhaoming, et al. Sedimentary characteristics, model and hydrocarbon accumulation of deep water pre-sal carbonate rocks in South Atlantic[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2014,21(3):127-133.
[19] 刘深艳,胡孝林,李进波.巴西桑托斯盆地盐下大发现及其勘探意义[J].中国石油勘探, 2011,16(4):74-81. Liu Shenyan, Hu Xiaolin, Li Jinbo. Great discovery and its significance for exploration in subsalt reservoir of Santos Basin, Brazil[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2011,16(4):74-81.
[20] 汪新伟,邬长武,郭永强,等.巴西桑托斯盆地卢拉油田成藏特征及对盐下勘探的启迪[J].中国石油勘探，2013,18(3):61-69. Wang Xinwei, Wu Changwu, Guo Yongqiang, et al. Accumulation feature of Lula oilfied and its exploratory implication for pre-salt reservoirs in Santos Basin, Brazil[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2013,18(3):61-69.
[21] Mohriak W, Fainstein R. Phanerozoic regional geology of the eastern Brazilian margin[C]// Roberts D, Bally A. Regional geology and tectonics: Phanerozoic passive margins, cratonic basins and global tectonic maps. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2012:223-282.
[22] Hudec M, Jackson M. Terra infirma: understanding salt tectonics [J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2007,82(1-2):1-28.
[23] Franco-Magalhaes A, Hackspacher P, Glasmacher U, et al. Rift to post-rift evolution of a ^“passive^” continental margin: the Ponta Grossa Arch, SE Brazil [J]. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 2010,99(7):1599-1631.
[24] Dickson W, Fryklund R, Odegard M, et al. Constraints for plate reconstruction using gravity data-implications for source and reservoir distribution in Brazilian and West African margin basins[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2003,20(3):309-322.
[25] Torsvik T, Rousse S, Labails C, et al. A new scheme for the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean and the dissection of an Aptian salt basin[J]. Geophysical Journal International. 2009,177(3):1315-1333.
[26] Moulin M, Aslanian D, Unternehr P. A new starting point for the South and Equatorial Atlantic Ocean[J]. Earth-Science Reviews. 2010,98(1-2):1-37.
[27] Beglinger S, Doust H, Cloetingh S. Relating petroleum system and play development to basin evolution: West African South Atlantic basins[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology. 2012,30(1):1-25.
[28] Golonka J, Bocharova N. Hot spot activity and the break-up of Pangaea[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 2000,161(1-2):49-69.
[29] Filho A, Cesero P, Mizusaki A, et al. Hot spot volcanic tracks and their implications for south American plate motion, Campos basin (Rio de Janeiro state), Brazil[J]. Journal of South American Earth Sciences,2005,18(3-4):383-389.
[30] Modica C, Brush E. Postrift sequence stratigraphy, paleogeography, and fill history of the deep-water Santos Basin, offshore southeast Brazil[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 2004,88(7):923-945.
[31] 刘祚冬，李江海. 西非被动陆缘盆地盐构造对油气的控制作用[J]. 石油勘探与开发，2011,38(2):196-202. Liu Zuodong, Li Jianghai. Control of salt structures on hydrocarbons in the passive continental margin of West Africa [J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2011,38(2):196-202.
[32] Alberto G, Mulder T, Eschard R. Impact of salt-related palaeotopography on the distribution of turbidite reservoirs: Evidence from well-seismic analyses and structural restorations in the Brazilian offshore[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2011,28(5):1023-1046.
[33] Posamentier H, Kolla V. Seismic geomorphology and stratigraphy of depositional elements in deep-water settings[J]. Journal of Sedimentary Research. 2003,73(3):367-388.
[34]Posamentier H, Walker R. Deep-water turbidites and submarine fans[C]//Posamentier H, Walker R. Facies models revisited. Tulsa: SEPM special publication 84. 2006:399-520.
[35] Vital H. The north and northeast Brazilian tropical shelves [C]// Chiocci F, Chivas A. Continental shelves of the world: Their evolution during the last Glacio- Eustatic cycle. London: Geological Society Memoirs 41, 2014:35-46.
[36] Peres W. Shelf-fed turbidite system model and its application to the Oligocene deposits of the Campos Basin, Brazil[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 1993,77(1):81-101.
[37] Fontanelli P, Ros L, Remus M. Provenance of deep-water reservoir sandstones from the Jubarte oil field, Campos Basin, Eastern Brazilian Margin[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2009,26(7):1274-1298.
[38]Smith R. Silled sub-basins to connected tortuous corridors: sediment distribution systems on topographically complex sub-aqueous slopes[C]// Lomas S, Joseph P. Confined turbidite systems. London: Geological Society Special Publications 222,2004:23-43.
[39] Jackson C. The initiation of submarine slope failure and the emplacement of mass transport complexes in salt-related minibasins: A three-dimensional seismic-refl ection case study from the Santos Basin, offshore Brazil[J]. GSA Bulletin, 2012,124(5/6):746-761.
[40] Brun J, Fort X. Salt tectonics at passive margins: Geology versus models[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2011,28(6):1123-1145.
[41] Garcia S, Letouzey J, Rudkiewicz J, et al. Structural modeling based on sequential restoration of gravitational salt deformation in the Santos Basin (Brazil)[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2012,35(1):337-353.
[42] Marcano G, Anka Z, Primio R. Major controlling factors on hydrocarbon generation and leakage in South Atlantic conjugate margins: A comparative study of Colorado, Orange, Campos and Lower Congo basins[J]. Tectonophysics, 2013,604(0):172-190.
[43] Prochnow E, Remus M, Ketzer J, et al. Organic- inorganic interactictions in oilfield sandstones: examples from turbidite reservoirs in the Campos Basin, offshore eastern Brazil[J].Journal of Petroleum Geology, 2006,29(4):361-380.
[44] Beglinger S, Wees J, Cloetingh S, et al. Tectonic subsidence history and source-rock maturation in the Campos Basin, Brazil[J]. Petroleum Geoscience, 2012,18(2):153-172.
[45] Mayall M, Stewart I. The architecture of turbidite slope channels[C]// Weimer P, Slatt R, Coleman J, et al. Global deep-water reservoirs: Gulf coast section. 20^nd Annual GCSSEPM Foundation Bob F. Perkins Research Conference, Houston, Texas, 2001:578-586.
[46]Joanna M, Julie D, John H, et al. 21^stcentury Atlantis-incremental knowledge from a staged-approach to development, illustrated by a complex deep-water field[C]// Rosen N, Weimer P, Anjos S, et al. New understanding of the petroleum systems of continental margins of the world. 32nd Annual GCSSEPM Foundation Bob F. Perkins Research Conference, Houston, Texas, 2012:65-95.