Abstract: Based on the description of 586m-long cores from 12 wells such as Lu1 and Ma56-12, and the analytical data of over ten thousand samples, the geological conditions and resource potentials of two types of unconventional Permian oil in the Santanghu Basin were analyzed, and supporting technologies were developed for economic exploration and development. The following study results were obtained: ① Unconventional Permian oil accumulated in the argillaceous source rock or the adjacent tuff reservoir depositing in the shallow- deep lake during intermittent volcanic activities. Two types of unconventional oil resources were discovered: tight oil of the Middle Permian Tiaohu Formation (P2t) and shale oil of the Lucaogou Formation (P2l). ②The Lucaogou Formation is the primary source rock dominated by argillaceous rock. The kerogen is type I-II2, TOC is generally more than 2%, and Ro ranges from 0.5% to 1.3%, indicating low maturity. ③ The reservoir is complex, composed of more sedimentary tuff and dolomitic tuff, and less tuffaceous dolomite and argillaceous dolomite. Brittle minerals are generally more than 70% and clay minerals are less than 10%. The reservoir space is dominated by intergranular micropores, intergranular micropores and dissolved micropores. The Tiaohu tight oil reservoir is of high porosity, low permeability and high oil saturation, while the Lucaogou shale oil reservoir has the similar permeability to the Tiaohu tight oil reservoir, but the porosity and oil saturation are generally lower than those of the Tiaohu tight oil reservoir. ④ The crude oil is medium to heavy, and the density is 0.850.90 g/cm3, the pressure coefficient is 1.01.4 (a common pressure system). The reservoir distribution is controlled by both good source rocks and effective reservoirs. Preliminary prediction shows that the unconventional Permian oil resources, mainly distributed in the Lucaogou Formation, and showing a great exploration potential. The central part of the Malang sag and the south-central part of the Tiaohu sag are important for expanding exploration and production. Exploration and development practice have proved that horizontal wells and volume fracturing stimulation are effective to produce the unconventional oil, and integration of exploration and development can guarantee the economic development of the unconventional oil.