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China Petroleum Exploration    2016, 21 (5): 1-10.   Abstract （5066）   HTML    PDF （1564KB）（651）    Knowledge map    Save . Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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ZouCaineng,Tao Shizhen,Bai Bin,Yang Zhi,Zhu Ruka,HouLianhua,Yuan Xuanjun,ZhangGuosheng,Wu Songtao,Pang Zhenglian and Wang Lan Differences and Relations between Unconventional and Conventional Oil and Gas    Abstract （3995）   HTML       Knowledge map    Save With the world ’s oil and gas industry developing from conventional oil exploration and development to unconventional oil field, the study of unconventional oil exploration is drawing great attention. Unconventional and conventional oil and gas are substantially different in terms of eight aspects – basic conception, subject system, geological study, exploration method, evaluation of “sweet-spot zone, ” technological research, development method and production pattern. The geological theories of unconventional and conventional oil and gas are based separately on continuous hydrocarbon accumulation theory and buoyant trap accumulation theory. Unconventional oil and gas has two key characteristics. One is continuous distribution of oil and gas in a large area without obvious boundaries of traps. The other is no stable natural industrial output. The Darcy seepage is not obvious. There are two key parameters – porosity is lower than 10% and pore throat diameter is lower than 1μm or air permeability is lower than 1mD. As for conventional oil and gas, the above-stated characteristics and parameters are apparently different. The porosity usually ranges from 10% to 30% and the permeability is usually higher than 1mD. Unconventional oil evaluation is focused on six geological properties, such as source rock characteristics, lithologic character, physical property, brittleness, petroliferous property, and stress anisotropy. Conventional oil evaluation is focused on source rock, reservoir, cap rock, trap, migration and preservation as well as the optimum coupling relations of these six characteristics. There are eight elements for evaluation of “sweet spot zone ” of unconventional oil and gas abundance, of which three key elements are TOC higher than 2%, high porosity (tight oil and gas higher than 10% and shale oil and gas higher 3%) and development of micro-fractures. Evaluation of conventional oil reservoir is focused on core elements of accumulations and matching of time and space, emphasizing high-quality hydrocarbon source kitchen, favorable reservoir body, scale of trap, and effective conducting system. Unconventional oil and gas is obviously different from and closely related to conventional oil and gas. Unconventional oil and gas has something in common with conventional oil and gas, such as in the same oil and gas system and sharing the same hydrocarbon source system, the same primary migration force and the similar oil and gas components. Based on the substantial relations in genesis and distribution, conventional and unconventional oil and gas are in “orderly accumulations, ” related to each other in genesis, and symbiotic in time and space, forming a set of unified oil and gas accumulation system. In accordance with the law that conventional and unconventional oil and gas are in “orderly accumulations, ” the two different types of oil and gas resources should be taken into account as a whole in the process of exploration and development for harmonious development. Related Articles | Metrics

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Li Guoxin, Zhu Rukai Progress, challenges and key issues in the unconventional oil and gas development of CNPC China Petroleum Exploration    2020, 25 (2): 1-13.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2020.02.001 Abstract （3568）   HTML    PDF （1070KB）（228）    Knowledge map    Save Since the beginning of the 21st century, discoveries of global unconventional oil and gas have entered an active period. Production of tight oil/shale oil has increased rapidly, shale gas has continued to grow, tight gas and Coal Bed Methane (CBM) have been stable, and breakthroughs have been obtained in early production tests of natural gas hydrate (NGH). In recent years, significant progress has been made in exploration and development of unconventional oil and gas in China. The production of shale gas, tight oil, and tight gas have been increasing rapidly, and the exploration and development of shale oil have risen to a national strategic level. Tight oil and shale oil resources in the mining-rights blocks of the China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) are abundant. Recently, exploration discoveries and breakthroughs have been made in 11 blocks, and several large-scale productivity blocks have been preliminarily established. Pilot tests of in-situ conversion of shale oil with medium-low maturity have been carried out in the Ordos Basin, and the continental shale oil revolution is being actively promoted. Currently, external dependence on oil and gas is high in China, and demand is strong. However, due to the complicated geological conditions of continental facies, large-scale benefit development of unconventional oil and gas still faces a series of challenges in geological evaluation, sweet spot prediction, drilling and completion, oil and gas production technologies, economic evaluation, and management. In order to achieve benefit exploration and development of the unconventional oil and gas resources of CNPC, key issues should be focused on and diligently addressed, such as whole life cycle management, integration operation, big data application, appropriate production allocation strategy, technology and cost, marketization, and so on, to promote high-quality development in the unconventional oil and gas industry and thereby ensure national energy security. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Li Yang, Xue Zhaojie, Cheng Zhe, Jiang Haijun, Wang Ruyue Progress and development directions of deep oil and gas exploration and development in China China Petroleum Exploration    2020, 25 (1): 45-57.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2020.01.005 Abstract （3531）   HTML    PDF （1027KB）（214）    Knowledge map    Save It is of great practical and strategic importance to march deeper into the earth to explore deep oil and gas resources and to build up a solid resource base for energy security in China. There is therefore also a pragmatic imperative to increase the intensity of oil and gas exploration and development in China. Based on an exhaustive summary of the global situation in deep oil and gas exploration and development, and the progress that has already been made by China, the development potential, key research fields and scientific and technological research directions of deep oil and gas in China are comprehensively analyzed in this paper. China is rich in deep oil and gas resources, but with a generally low degree of exploration and development. There are many promising exploration and development prospects with great resource potential, such as multiple source-reservoir-cap assemblages in the deep formations of superimposed basins in Central and Western China, deep lithological reservoirs and Pre-Mesozoic-Cenozoic buried-hill reservoirs in fault basins in Eastern China, deep shale gas, etc. These are the principal directions for future exploration and development. It is necessary to strengthen research on the accumulation mechanisms and distribution laws of deep oil and gas, as well as the flow mechanisms of deep fluids, and to carry out key technical research, such as deep target identification and prediction based on geophysics, optimized fast drilling under complex formation conditions, and stimulation technologies for complex reservoirs. At the same time, it is also necessary to vigorously promote innovation in management, further enhance cooperation between theory and technology and between enterprises and departments, and to strengthen the management and operation of exploration-development integration and geology-engineering integration. This will provide strong support for the efficient exploration and development of deep oil and gas resources. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Hou Qijun, He Haiqing, Li Jianzhong, Yang Tao Recent progress and prospect of oil and gas exploration by PetroChina Company Limited China Petroleum Exploration    2018, 23 (1): 1-13.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2018.01.001 Abstract （3495）   HTML    PDF （3448KB）（1414）    Knowledge map    Save In recent two years, PetroChina Company Limited (hereinafter referred to as PetroChina for short) has made 12 important exploration progresses in domestic oil and gas exploration in clastic rocks, marine carbonate rocks, foreland thrust belts, lacustrine carbonate rocks, mature fields and unconventional oil and gas fields. Based on comprehensive analysis of PetroChina own oil and gas resources, remaining oil and gas resources and their exploration degree, and the influence of geological understanding and exploration technology on oil and gas exploration, this paper concludes that the prospect of domestic oil and gas exploration is still promising, but also faces many challenges, such as complex underground conditions, deeper burial depths and poorer quality of remaining resources. In the future, on the assumption of long-term low oil prices, PetroChina will adhere to the strategies of resources and innovation, follow the principle of efficient exploration, focus on "four types of exploration" and strengthen "three fields of innovation", so as to make new discoveries and breakthroughs in oil and gas exploration for sustainable and steady development. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Yang Zhi, Hou Lianhua, Lin Senhu, Luo Xia, Zhang Lijun, Wu Songtao, Cui Jingwei Geologic characteristics and exploration potential of tight oil and shale oil in Lucaogou Formation in Jimsar sag China Petroleum Exploration    2018, 23 (4): 76-85.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2018.04.009 Abstract （3301）   HTML    PDF （3111KB）（1171）    Knowledge map    Save The Permian Lucaogou Formation in the Junggar Basin is one of the oldest continental shale systems with liquid hydrocarbons in China. It contains diamictite deposits in a paralic salty lake basin, with abundant tight oil and shale oil resources. The Jimsar sag is a typical example with rich liquid hydrocarbons in eastern Junggar Basin. The analysis of actual geologic data of shale systems shows that the Lucaogou shale system has two petroleum systems (upper and lower) characterized by continuous hydrocarbon accumulation in thick self-sourced reservoirs composed of thin interlayers. First, the Lucaogou Formation was deposited in a paralic lacustrine environment, where intermittent seawater invasion caused mass organism die-off, making it possible to accumulate and preserve abundant organic matters. This formation is chiefly composed of fine-grained diamictite deposits, and can be subdivided into 2.5 tertiary sedimentary cycles in 6 layers. Second, the source rocks, with major lithologies of carbonate mudstone and siliceous mudstone, concentrate in the second and fifth members of the Lucaogou Formation (P 2l 2 and P 2l 5). Their TOC contents are mostly higher than 4% and the kerogen is mainly of Type Ⅱ. Their R o values range between 0.6% and 1.1%, which indicates that they are within oil generation window. Third, the reservoir rocks are generally tight and comprised of carbonate rocks, carbonate sandstone and siliceous sandstone, with the porosity mostly of 6%-12% and the air permeability less than 0.1mD. The pore space is mainly composed of intragranular pores and intergranular dissolved pores which are connected by pore throats with the diameter from dozens of nanometers to hundreds of nanometers. The oil saturation generally ranges between 80% and 90%, thus the oil storage condition is better. And fourth, the formation fluid pressure is normal or slightly abnormally high. The average crude density is 0.8971 g/cm 3, and average viscosity at 50oC is 165.2 mPa·s; therefore, the crude oil is the product of low-medium thermal evolution. In stratigraphic conditions, the fluid flowability is poor. The Lucaogou Formation in the Jimsar sag has abundant tight oil and shale gas resources. According to the evaluation results, it has technically recoverable tight oil resources of 0.91×10 8t, and P 2l 1 and P 2l 4 are the "sweet spot intervals" of tight oil, the sweet spot is mainly in the central sag. Moreover, it has technically recoverable shale oil resources of 1.10×10 8t, and P 2l 2 and P 2l 5 are the "sweet spot intervals" of shale oil, the sweet spot is also chiefly in the central sag. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Liang Xing, Wang Gaocheng, Zhang Jiehui, Shu Honglin, Liu Chen, Li Zhaofeng, Xu Zhengyu, Zhang Zhao, Li Deqi, Jiao Yajun, Zhang Yongqiang, Li Qingfei, Qin Jun, Yin Kaigui, Luo Yufeng High-efficiency integrated shale gas development model of Zhaotong National Demonstration Zone and its practical enlightenment China Petroleum Exploration    2017, 22 (1): 29-37.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2017.01.005 Abstract （3251）   HTML    PDF （2854KB）（898）    Knowledge map    Save The Zhaotong National Shale Gas Demonstration Zone is different from the explored and developed blocks in North America and the Sichuan Basin where shale gas has been successfully developed. It is characterized by complex geology, mountainous landform, high difficulty in drilling and production engineering, high operation cost, high-level safety and environment management and high risks in shale gas development. According to the development concept of “ensuring the quality and promoting the production by integrated technologies, and increasing the efficiency and improving the benefit by innovative management model”, the IPDP (Integrated Project Development by Production) high-efficiency development model which is suitable for the marine mountain shale gas in South China was proposed. The IPDP model is based on exploration-development integration, geology-engineering integration and research-production integration, and it is technically supported by the IPMP (Integrated Project Management by Production) model and geology & engineering teams. In this model, the life-cycle integrated project organization and implementation is carried out according to the working mechanism of “beneficial production as the target, engineering technology as the support, reverse thinking based design, positive organization and implementation, and factory-like operation”. In this way, the drilling and production engineering quality and well production rate of mountain shale gas are controlled all through the process from the aspects of research and evaluation, field production and implementation, and project organization and management. By virtue of the turnkey model of integrated risk project which is linked to individual-well gas production rate, the sense of responsibility for beneficial production is enhanced and the production organization is optimized, so that each link is seamlessly connected, operation efficiency is effectively increased, the cost is decreased, the benefit is increased, the development risk is avoided, and implementation result is remarkable. It provides valuable references for the high-efficient development of marine mountain shale gas in South China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Wu Qi, Liang Xing, Xian Chenggang, Li Xun Geoscience-to-Production Integration Ensures Effective and Efficient South China Marine Shale Gas Development China Petroleum Exploration    2015, 20 (4): 1-23.   Abstract （3052）   HTML       Knowledge map    Save Shale gas development in Sichuan Basin and its adjacent areas can be difficult to apply as same mega-scale, high density and continuous and regular pad drilling as in North America (NA) because of significantly different surface and subsurface conditions than NA. In order to speed up development of marine shale gas in Sichuan Basin and its adjacent areas with minimized learning curve, this paper introduces geoscience-to-production integration of research, engineering and operation with its associated theory, methodology and workflow. Drilling Quality is firstly established because of significant challenges to drilling technologies and engineering, long well-construction cycle, and high overall cost of well. Together with Reservoir Quality and Completion Quality which are already applied in NA’s shales, the Quality Triangle is formed to respect the uniqueness of China ’.s shale plays. This Quality Triangle forms the basis for an innovative development workflow to implement geoscience-to-production integration of research, engineering and operation. In the rapid progress of factory drilling and completion of shale gas development, it aims to dynamically optimize both efficiency and effectiveness at single well, pad, and field scales with ensured systematically and continuously optimizing technologies and solutions, and accumulating knowledge and experiences in order to ultimately enhance well productivities. This paper summarizes the implementation and success of the described such into the Zhaotong Huangjinba National Shale Gas Demonstration Project. The success proves the essential valuesand general applicability of the proposed philosophy into other adjacent shale gas projects and even other unconventional blocks. Additionally, controlling factor of high productivity of the Longmaxi shale will be discussed based on currently available data and understanding. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Shi Hesheng, Wang Qingbin, Wang Jun, Liu Xiaojian, Feng Chong, Hao Yiwei, Pan Wenjing Discovery and exploration significance of large condensate gas fields in BZ19-6 structure in deep Bozhong sag China Petroleum Exploration    2019, 24 (1): 36-45.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2019.01.005 Abstract （2759）   HTML    PDF （3743KB）（776）    Knowledge map    Save The deep formation of Bozhong sag in the Bohai sea area has favorable geological conditions for the formation of natural gas fields. BZ19-6 large-scale condensate gas field is the largest natural gas field discovered so far in Bohai Bay Basin, with reserves exceeding 100 billion cubic meters. Based on a large number of core, thin section, well logging and geochemical data, the deep gas reservoir-forming conditions in Bozhong 19-6 structure are systematically analyzed. It is proved that the deep layer of Bozhong sag has great potential for generation of natural gas and is the basis for the formation of large-scale condensate gas fields. The extremely thick overpressure mudstones of Dongying Formation and Shahejie Formation with stable regional distribution provide good sealing conditions for the preservation of large condensate gas fields. It is the first time to discover huge thick fractured-porous sandy conglomerate reservoir in Kongdian Formation of Paleogene in Bohai Bay Basin, which breaks through the forbidden area of searching for thick sandy conglomerate reservoir in depression area and greatly expands the exploration field of Paleogene oil and gas. Based on the analysis of the formation mechanism of high quality reservoirs in Archean deep buried metamorphic rock buried hills, it is proposed that the key to the formation of high quality reservoirs in metamorphic rocks is the development of large-scale fracture systems and dynamic fracture zones in buried hills caused by multi-stage dynamic fragmentation. These results have guided the discovery of large-scale condensate gas fields in Bozhong 19-6 structure, contributed to the breakthrough in natural gas exploration in Bohai Sea, and have important guiding significance for deep gas exploration in Bohai Bay Basin. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Li Luguang, He Haiqing, Fan Tuzhi, Liu Henian, Yang Tao, Wan Lunkun, Huang Fuxi, Li Zhi Oil and Gas Exploration Progress and Upstream Development Strategy of CNPC China Petroleum Exploration    2020, 25 (1): 1-10.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2020.01.001 Abstract （2734）   HTML    PDF （3561KB）（33）    Knowledge map    Save In recent years, the China National Petroleum Corporation (hereinafter referred to as CNPC) has made 13 major breakthroughs and new strategic discoveries and formed 10 large hydrocarbon provinces with reserves of over 100 million tons by following the principle of efficient exploration relying on domestic and expanding overseas markets. . Based on important domestic and foreign exploration progress since the beginning of the ‘13th Five-Year Plan’ period, and in view of the current situation and requirements at home and abroad, comprehensive analysis of the oil and gas resources situation in the CNPC mining rights blocks, the development potential of remaining resources and the challenges faced by the upstream business has been carried out. This has also clarified the general train of thought and strategic targets of CNPC's upstream business for the future: CNPC will adhere to steady development guidelines and high-quality development goals, and will implement strategies to find more oil and gas resources, the domestic upstream segment will reinforce exploration and development by focusing on the seven major basins, paying equal attention to oil and gas resources, and putting conventional and unconventional resources on an equal footing, the strategic target is to achieve annual newly increased proven petroleum geological reserves of more than 1.1 billion tons of oil equivalent in the period from 2019 to 2025, and to achieve oil and gas production of 220 million tons of oil equivalent by 2025; In overseas markets, CNPC will focus on conventional oil and gas resources, optimize the development of five cooperation zones (Central Asia-Russia, the Middle East, Africa, the Americas, and Asia-Pacific) and expand the scale of ‘Belt and Road’ cooperation. Five measures have been proposed to ensure the realization of these strategic targets, which include reinforcement of domestic exploration and development, implementation of high-quality and efficient development overseas, promotion of scientific and technological innovation, deepening of reform and management innovation, and strengthening of the fostering of high quality talent teams specializing in petroleum exploration and development. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Yang Lei, Jin Zhijun Global shale oil development and prospects China Petroleum Exploration    2019, 24 (5): 553-559.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2019.05.002 Abstract （2659）   HTML    PDF （455KB）（657）    Knowledge map    Save The development of global shale oil is an important reference to the development of shale oil in China. After systematically collecting data and researching, and analyzing the development history and key points of US shale oil, including the development process, how to reduce cost and increase production, technologies, development models, economics, and supporting policies, it is found that the development model of shale oil is different from conventional energy, and it is more dependent on technological progress, cost reduction and financial support, and similar to new energy development models to some extent, so development in the stage early needs more supports. The explosive increase of shale oil in the United States is driven by breakthroughs in geological theory and advances in development technologies. The most important is the rapid reduction of the cost for developing shale oil. This not only thanks to technological advances, but also is the result of innovative business models. The global shale oil resources are abundant, and many countries and regions, such as North America, Argentina, Russia, and China, all had good start. In the future, global shale oil production will continue to grow and is expected to exceed 1000×104bbl/d after 2025. According to the characteristics of shale oil in China, shale oil would be strategic successive resources in China. To increase investment in science and technology research and development, give supporting policies, and create favorable conditions to attract more investment will ensure the large-scale development of shale oil during the 14th Five-Year Plan. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Zheng Zhihong, Li Denghua, Bai Senshu, Jia Jun, Zan Xin, Liu Zhuoya, Gao Xuan Resource potentials of natural gas in Sichuan Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2017, 22 (3): 12-20.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2017.03.002 Abstract （2550）   HTML       Knowledge map    Save In recent years, a series of progress and breakthroughs have been made in the conventional and unconventional natural gas exploration in the Sichuan Basin, and the geological cognitions and resource potentials have been updated constantly. At present, it is in urgent need to assess the natural gas resources in the Sichuan Basin comprehensively, so as to figure out the natural gas resources and provide a basis for promoting the exploration and development of natural gas in this basin. In this paper, the exploration progress in the Sichuan Basin during the past decade was analyzed, the types of assessed resources were determined, and the assessment targets and methods were defined. According to the assessment, the conventional gas in place is 20.69×10 12m 3 (recoverable: 11.20×10 12m 3), including tight gas 5.87×10 12m 3 (recoverable: 2.35×10 12m 3), and shale gas 57.46×10 12m 3 (recoverable: 10.01×10 12m 3). Moreover, the distribution laws of natural gas resources were summarized, and the reasons for the differences between the current assessment results and the previous ones were illustrated. It is indicated that the natural gas resources in the Sichuan Basin are abundant with great potentials, with promising exploration and development. It is recommended to strengthen deep and ultra-deep explorations, to promote multi-formation stereoscopic exploration, and to speed up unconventional oil and gas exploration, so as to develop the natural gas resources rapidly and sustainably. In order to keep the rapid development of natural gas exploration, it is necessary to reinforce the studies on petroleum geological theories, exploration and development technologies, resource investigation and assessment, and management system reform. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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He Haiqing, Fan Tuzhi, Guo Xujie, Yang Tao, Zheng Min, Huang Fuxi, Gao Yang PetroChina: Major achievements in oil and gas exploration during the 13th Five-Year Plan period and development strategy for the 14th Five-Year Plan#br# period#br# China Petroleum Exploration    2021, 26 (1): 17-30.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2021.01.002 Abstract （2523）   HTML    PDF （4733KB）（959）    Knowledge map    Save During the 13th Five-Year Plan period, PetroChina made a number of significant achievements in geological theory and technological innovation, as well as breakthroughs and discoveries in oil and gas exploration and reserve increase, etc. This paper reviews and summarizes the company’s oil and gas exploration achievements and theoretical and technological progress during the 13th Five-Year Plan period and proposes development ideas and strategies for the 14th Five-Year Plan period. During the 13th Five-Year Plan period, PetroChina highlighted an innovative resource strategy, emphasizing efficient exploration, increasing risk exploration in new areas and new fields, concentrating exploration on key areas in major basins and fields, and strengthening integrated geological and targeted research. A series of innovative geological theories and understandings were developed and improved,including hydrocarbon accumulation in conglomerate reservoirs in sag areas, hydrocarbon accumulation in large-scale lithologic reservoirs in shallow water delta, “three paleo” controlling oil reservoirs in marine carbonate rocks, “fault karst” controlling the formation of oil and gas reservoirs in strike-slip fault areas, hydrocarbon accumulation in deep foreland thrust belts, “four elements” controlling shale oil reservoirs, “three elements” controlling the accumulation and enrichment of shale gas reservoirs,and “three elements” controlling the formation of deep volcanic rock gas reservoirs. A series of exploration and evaluation technologies were developed, such as 3D seismic acquisition, processing and interpretation technology for “double high” and “double complex” areas, drilling and completion technology for deep and ultra-deep formations, well testing technology for deep wells, and volume fracturing technology for long horizontal wells. During the 13th Five-Year Plan period, 34 major breakthroughs were made in the exploration fields of lithologic-stratigraphic reservoirs, marine carbonate rocks, foreland thrust belts, shale oil and gas, mature exploration areas and volcanic rocks in the Sichuan, Tarim, Junggar, Ordos, Songliao, Bohai Bay and other major basins. The historic long-term high-level growth of oil and gas reserves has laid a resource foundation for steadily increasing in oil production and rapid growth in natural gas production. During the 14th Five-Year Plan period, PetroChina will scientifically plan its strategic direction and the focus of oil and gas exploration to promote continuous large-scale increase of conventional oil and gas reserves and rapid development of unconventional resources in six major basins and five fields. The company will accelerate the implementation of large-scale increases in oil and gas reserves, actively prepare strategic replacement areas and major replacement fields, and consolidate the resource foundation for the company’s ongoing high-quality development. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Yang Haijun, Chen Yongquan, Tian Jun, Du Jinhu, Zhu Yongfeng, Li Honghui, Pan Wenqing, Yang Pengfei, Li Yong, An Haiting An important discovery in Well Luntan-1 of the Tarim Basin, China, and its significance for ultra-deep oil and gas exploration China Petroleum Exploration    2020, 25 (2): 62-72.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2020.02.007 Abstract （2496）   HTML    PDF （774KB）（46）    Knowledge map    Save In January 2020, light crude oil was obtained from Lower Cambrian dolomite with burial depth deeper than 8200 m in Well Luntan-1, which is located in the Lunnan low bulge in the Tabei uplift. The result indicated a major breakthrough in ultradeep oil and gas exploration in the old craton of Tarim. This paper describes the process of discovering Well Luntan-1 and analyzes the discovery history of the ultra-deep Cambrian subsalt oil reservoirs, with the intention of providing reference for the exploration of new zones, new strata and new types in other similar areas. According to drilling results from Well Luntan-1, a set of high-quality source rocks is developed in the Cambrian Yuertusi Formation, and there are 2 sets of reservoir-cap assemblage. One is evaporite gypsum cap rocks in the Awatage Formation and dolomite reservoir in the Shayilike – Wusonggeer Formations. The other is mudstone cap rocks in the Yuertusi Formation and dolomite weathering crust reservoir in the Sinian Qigebulake Formation. The production layer in Well Luntan-1 is the Wusonggeer Formation, which is a volatile-oil reservoir with normal temperature and pressure gradients. In addition, trace natural gas was obtained from the weathering crust of the Sinian Qigebulake Formation. Exploration of the platform-basin transitional area in the Tarim Basin has experienced 2 strategic shifts: from clastic rocks to carbonate rocks, and from carbonate rocks to pre-salt dolomite. Well Luntan-1 is an important symbol of the second strategic shift, which is of milestone significance. The favorable accumulation conditions of Well Luntan-1 are the successive development of stable paleo- uplift and the high-quality source-reservoir-cap assemblages. Through analogy, this paper analyzes the exploration prospects for the Cambrian pre-salt dolomite in the Tarim Basin, and points out that favorable areas, such as the Tazhong-Gucheng area, the south slope of the Tabei area, and the northern Maigaiti slope-Keping area, are the key areas for the next steps in exploration. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Zhao Wenzhi, Jia Ailin, Wei Yunsheng, Wang Junlei, Zhu Hanqing Progress in shale gas exploration in China and Prospects for future development China Petroleum Exploration    2020, 25 (1): 31-44.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2020.01.004 Abstract （2493）   HTML    PDF （783KB）（41）    Knowledge map    Save Shale gas exploration and development in China has entered a golden age of rapid progress. The increasing proportion of natural gas in the energy consumption structure of the nation, and the success of commercial shale gas development in the southern Sichuan Basin, indicate that shale gas will be the most reliable succession energy source for the future in China. This paper reviews achievements in theoretical understanding and technologies related to shale gas development over the past 10 years, summarizes successful experiences in commercial shale gas development, and clarifies the prospects for, and status of, shale gas in future natural gas development in China. China's shale gas resources have enormous potential, and provide a practical base for future growth in natural gas production. The conditions for obtaining industrial shale gas resources are described as ‘2 highs’ (high gas content and high porosity), ‘2 larges’ (large thickness of intervals with high TOC and large distribution areas), ‘2 moderates’ (moderate thermal evolution and moderate burial depth), and ‘2 goods’ (good preservation conditions and good fracability). Marine shale gas in China is of the highest potential, and at present is the major objective for natural gas production growth. Exploitation of the Ordovician Wufeng Formation and Silurian Longmaxi Formation shale gas in the Sichuan Basin and its surroundings has relied on developments in six technology areas: comprehensive geological evaluation; development optimization; fast drilling of horizontal wells; volume fracturing of horizontal wells; factory-like operation, and efficient and clean production. The successful achievement of commercial development of shale gas in China can be summarized as stemming from four key factors: ① optimized horizontal section targets; ② supporting technologies for effective and fast drilling and volume fracturing stimulation; ③ geological and engineering integration, and ④ advanced organization and management. Three proposals for the future development of shale gas in China are: ① to develop key technologies and equipment for low-cost development of non-marine and deep marine shale gas; ② to enhance block-scale shale gas recovery and achieve efficient development of the entire Sichuan basin; ③ to pay attention to the influence of non-resource factors on shale gas production. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Du Jinhu, Hu Suyun, Pang Zhenglian, Lin Senhu, Hou Lianhua, Zhu Rukai The types, potentials and prospects of continental shale oil in China China Petroleum Exploration    2019, 24 (5): 560-568.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2019.05.003 Abstract （2380）   HTML    PDF （9333KB）（137）    Knowledge map    Save In recent years, China’s oil dependence on foreign countries has been increasing year by year, and the national energy security is becoming more and more severe, while the“shale revolution”in North America is actively moving forward. In order to broaden oil and gas exploration and development, and to find successive resources for increasing crude oil reserves and production in China, the types, potentials and prospects of continental shale oil in China were investigated and analyzed systematically. The results show that the continental shale oil resources in China have four geological characteristics, and can be divided into two types in terms of maturity: medium-high maturity and medium-low maturity. Both of the two types have great potentials – the former is estimated to be about 200×108tons, and the latter has a great amount of technically recoverable, prospective resources in situ transform. In recent years, a lot of progress in shale oil exploration have been made. For the shale oil of medium-high maturity, exploration discoveries have been made in three types of shale accumulation: synchronogenic source - reservoir, separated source - reservoir and exclusive shale. For the shale oil of medium-low maturity, in situ transform technology is under development and pilot test. Finally, in view of the future development of continental shale oil, four risk points are put forward and corresponding countermeasures are proposed based on China’s national conditions and actual geological conditions. Comprehensive research concludes that industrial development of continental shale oil is expected and it will be an important successive resource for increasing crude oil reserves and production in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Du Jinhu, Yang Tao, Li Xin Oil and gas exploration and discovery of PetroChina Company Limited during the 12 th Five-Year Plan and the prospect during the 13 th Five-Year Plan China Petroleum Exploration    2016, 21 (2): 1-15.   Abstract （2363）   HTML    PDF （13307KB）（580）    Knowledge map    Save Faced with various challenges involved in older, deeper and more complicated oil and gas exploration targets, PetroChina Company Limited (“PetroChina”) vigorously implemented resource strategies and promoted geologic cognition and innovation and engineering technology research during the 12 th Five-Year Plan. New geologic cognitions were innovatively obtained, such as “four-palaeos” (i.e. paleorift, paleo-bioherm beach complex, paleo-trap, and paleo-uplift) controlling the formation of marine carbonate reservoirs, extensive formation of clastics lithologic reservoirs, high-efficient formation of ultra-deep reservoirs in “four-in-one”foreland thrust belts (namely the belts with folded source rock, ultra-deep effective reservoir, very thick gypsum-salt rock, and imbricate structure), and formation of unconventional oil/gas (e.g. shale gas and tight oil) reservoirs. A series of new engineering technologies were developed, including integrated wide-azimuth, broadband and high-density seismic acquisition, processing and interpretation technology, logging evaluation and fluid identification technology for complex reservoirs, safe and fast drilling technology for ultra-deep layers, and horizontal-well volume fracturing technology. During the 12 th Five-Year Plan, 15 large-scale oil and gas reserve zones were discovered, contributing to the performance with proved original oil in place (OOIP) over 6×10 8t for 10 consecutive years and proved original gas in place (OGIP) over 4000×10 8m 3 for 9 consecutive years. It records the peak period with the longest duration and the highest total production in the history of PetroChina. During the 13 th Five-Year Plan, PetroChina will encounter new situations with changed external environment (e.g. low oil price, and launching of the latest versions of Production Safety Law and Environmental Protection Law) and many internal challenges (e.g. increasing complexity of targets and deterioration of resource quality) in exploration and development. The study indicates that, PetroChina is at the middle stage of exploration and its oil and gas technical innovation is in the period of speeding-up development. During the 13th Five-Year Plan, PetroChina will continue the resource strategies and persist in theoretical, technical and managerial innovation with marine carbonate rocks, tight gas and foreland thrust belts as the key natural gas exploration domains and clastics lithologic formations as the major oil exploration targets. In this way, PetroChina will devote to discover large-scale reserves with high efficiency and quality, in order to increase oil and gas reserves continuously at peak. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Hu Wenrui Geology-engineering integration-a necessary way to realize profitable exploration and development of complex reservoir China Petroleum Exploration    2017, 22 (1): 1-5.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2017.01.001 Abstract （2349）   HTML    PDF （1703KB）（826）    Knowledge map    Save In recent years, as newly-discovered oil and gas resources become more and more inferior while old oil fields in China enter into the middle-later development stages, great challenges emerge to the exploration and development. Under this circumstance, new ideas, techniques and practices are urgently needed to solve these problems. Successful large-scale development of unconventional resources in the United States has significantly promoted the integrated innovation and development which combines multiple disciplines and multiple technologies. Accordingly, the geology-engineering integration is proposed in response to the challenges induced by current low oil price and the basic requirement of “profitable exploration and development”. This model represents a new way to realize profitable exploration and development of oil and gas fields (especially the unconventional and complex oil and gas fields) in China. The organization idea and operation pattern of such geology-engineering integration have been successfully applied in developing low-porosity and low-permeability reservoirs in the Kuqa area of the Tarim Basin in western China, the Sichuan Basin (marine shale gas), and central-eastern China. This paper described the concept, connotation, and applicable scope of the geology-engineering integration, and presented three prerequisites for implementing this model. Moreover, some suggestions were put forward for promoting the development of the geology-engineering integration. To be specific, in addition to expanding the application scope and scale, learning curve should be established to develop more pertinent technologies. Innovation should be made in management model of geology-engineering integration, and market-based and cross-enterprise coordination should be applied beyond traditional systems to integrate the advantages of technologies. In this way, it is expected to substantially enhance production and profitability of complex reservoirs in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Xie Yuhong New progress and prospect of oil and gas exploration of China National Offshore Oil Corporation China Petroleum Exploration    2018, 23 (1): 26-35.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2018.01.003 Abstract （2345）   HTML    PDF （2449KB）（1025）    Knowledge map    Save In recent years, China National Offshore Oil Corporation (hereinafter referred to as CNOOC for short) has achieved fruitful oil and gas exploration results. Domestically, it sets up new record of oil and gas exploration discovery and its proved reserves has increased stably. It has acquired a series of major hydrocarbon exploration breakthroughs in the active fault belts in the Bohai Sea, the high temperature and high pressure areas in western South China Sea and the deep water areas of northern South China Sea. Abroad, its recoverable reserves of overseas exploration equity increases stably, and four large-scale reserve zones are formed, e.g. Sahara of North Africa and both sides of South Atlantic. As the progress of integrated exploration, development and production of unconventional oil and gas is sped up, its proved reserves and production increase fast. As for the domestic exploration in the near future, CNOOC will advance deep zone exploration in the Bohai Sea, proceed oil and gas exploration in the central south of the South China Sea in good time and make more efforts to research heavy oil reservoirs and low porosity-low permeability oil and gas reservoirs. And its overseas exploration will still follow the principle of operative exploration and stress strategic selection of potential areas so as to discover more and better quality reserves. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Li Guoxin, Lei Zhengdong, Dong Weihong, Wang Hongyan, Zheng Xingfan, Tan Jian Progress, challenges and prospects of unconventional oil and gas development of CNPC China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (1): 1-11.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.01.001 Abstract （2343）   HTML    PDF （1156KB）（145）    Knowledge map    Save The China National Petroleum Corporation Limited (CNPC) has preliminarily achieved the large-scale production of unconventional oil and gas. However, considering its abundant resources, the output still has great potential for improvement. The exploration and development progress of unconventional oil and gas of CNPC during the 13 th Five-Year Plan period is summarized, and unconventional oil and gas development trend in the 14 th Five-Year Plan period is discussed. On this basis, the main challenges and key problems are analyzed,and strategies are put forward to promote the high-efficiency development of unconventional oil and gas of CNPC. The results show that: (1) During the 13 th Five-Year Plan period, CNPC has gradually focused on low-grade resources represented by unconventional oil and gas; (2) During the 14 th Five-Year Plan period, the proportion of unconventional oil and gas production will further increase, and production capacity in key areas will grow rapidly; (3) Four aspects of challenges, such as the technology, cost, management and idea, are faced with high-efficiency development of unconventional oil and gas. In view of the above challenges, six key countermeasures are proposed: (1) Properly understand the unconventional resources; (2) Implement the engineering management concept and mode of “one engine with six drives”; (3) Improve management rules and assessment methods; (4) Fully use the big data platform; (5) Effectively promote market-oriented business operation and socialized services; (6) Formulate rational policies for unconventional resource development. The above measures will enable CNPC to promote the high-quality development of its unconventional oil and gas business and contribute to “ensuring the rice bowl of energy firmly in our own hands” by developing the unconventional oil and gas. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Du Jinhu, Shi Fugeng, Zhang Zhonghong, Wang Tiecheng, Ding Jianyu Research and practice of Dream Cloud for petroleum exploration and development of PetroChina China Petroleum Exploration    2020, 25 (1): 58-66.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2020.01.006 Abstract （2336）   HTML    PDF （2683KB）（40）    Knowledge map    Save With the scale application of the Internet of Things, and the rapid expansion of cloud computing, big data and artificial intelligence technology, the development of information technology has entered a new era of intelligence sharing. The study and construction of a unified digital and intelligent platform, acceleration of the transformation of digitalization and intelligence, and reacting to changes in business requirements efficiently and flexibly, have become urgent tasks for the informatization of exploration and development. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the issues involved, analyze the background and significance of research on PetroChina’s ‘Dream Cloud’ system for exploration and development, introduce the basic principles and overall design scheme of Dream Cloud, elaborate key technical research topics such as the Dream Cloud platform, data link lake, capability of data middle platform, application store, artificial intelligence application, etc., and also summarize construction achievements and application scenario cases of the Dream Cloud platform, data link lake and a series of associated general applications. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Zhang Jing, Luo Zhao, Xu Mingqiang, Jiang Hong, Chen Xianjiang, Wang Tengfei, Luo Hong Application of geology-engineering integration in development of tight oil in Xinjiang Oilfield China Petroleum Exploration    2017, 22 (1): 12-20.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2017.01.003 Abstract （2235）   HTML    PDF （2380KB）（848）    Knowledge map    Save In recent years, some exploration and early development tests of tight oil were satisfactorily carried out in Xinjiang Oilfield, and more practices and attempts were also implemented in technology and management. According to years of the tight oil development practices, it is found that tight oil reservoirs cannot be developed by conventional techniques due to the special reservoir properties. Instead, unconventional ideas, methods and technologies are required for unconventional reservoirs, and the model of geology-engineering integration is needed for ensuring the efficient exploration and development of such reservoirs. Accordingly, a set of practical methods was proposed after numerous practices in project management. Specifically, the core of geology-engineering integration is used in production projects. Based on various demands during different stages of project operation, the integration is followed in all steps. In this way, the composite benefits of tight oil development can be increased gradually. In 2015, based on the idea and procedure of geology-engineering integration, this set of methods was successfully applied in developing tight oil in the Mahu sag, Xinjiang Oilfield. For purpose of improving tight oil production, by means of seamless multi-discipline collaboration, combination of geological conditions and engineering technologies, and integration of management and technologies, dynamic decision-making was practically implemented in sweet-spot selection, assurance of reservoir drilling rate and optimal fracturing design, so as to promote the efficient and large-scale development of tight oil. Guided by the concept of “integration”, fine technical management was push forward, and the optimal control was realized in key links of production deployment and construction, uiming at better economic benefits. Moreover, a new model of engineering-technology service was worked out. By virtue of the engineeringtechnology service integration model, a more solid foundation was established for practical tight oil development in China onshore areas. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Du Jinhu, He Haiqing, Zhao Xianzheng, Zhang Yiming, Wang Quan, Zhang Ruifeng, Hou Fengxiang, Han Chunyuan, Fan Bingda Signifcant exploration breakthrough in Yangshuiwu ultra-deep and ultra-high temperature Ordovician buried-hill in Langgu sag, Bohai Bay Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2017, 22 (2): 1-12.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2017.02.001 Abstract （2212）   HTML    PDF （4354KB）（719）    Knowledge map    Save The Hexiwu buried-hill zone is a major hydrocarbon accumulation in the Langgu sag in northern Jizhong depression, where no new breakthrough has been made since three small Ordovician buried-hill reservoirs (Bieguzhuang, Liuqiying, Liuqiying West) were discovered in the south during the early exploration stage. Pertinent and deep study was conducted on the structure and reservoir characteristics that constrains the hydrocarbon accumulation in the Ordovician heterogeneous carbonate buried-hill reservoir, as well as reservoir stimulation and other major techniques. Through the merged 3D seismic prestack depth migration (PSDM) processing and precise structure interpretation, the zonal structure framework was ascertained, and accordingly the Yangshuiwu buried-hill structure comprising three local highs was discovered. Analysis was made on the Ordovician sedimentary facies and reservoir characteristics, indicating that the dolomite flat and dolomitic lime flat are favorable sedimentary facies belts within the study area, and the reservoir development is jointly controlled by rock type, fracture distribution and karstifcation. The dolomite serves as major reservoir. Through the study of hydrocarbon supply conditions, tectonic evolution and its control on hydrocarbon accumulation, and reservoir-cap rock assemblage, a new model of massive-laminar complex buried-hill accumulation was established for the Ordovician carbonate heterogeneous reservoir within the Hexiwu buried-hill zone. Guided by the new study results, a risk exploration well, Antan 1X, was deployed at the structure high in the west of Yangshuiwu buried-hill. This well revealed a high yield of 40.89×10 4m 3 gas and 71.16 m 3 oil per day in the Ordovician reservoir, marking a signifcant breakthrough in ultra-deep and ultra-high temperature Ordovician buried-hill exploration in the north of Jizhong depression. Moreover, the practice exhibits the promising exploration prospect in this domain. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Xian Chenggang, Zhang Jiehui, Chen Xin, Liang Xing, Wen Heng, Wang Gaocheng Application of geomechanics in geology-engineering integration China Petroleum Exploration    2017, 22 (1): 75-88.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2017.01.010 Abstract （2208）   HTML    PDF （5421KB）（688）    Knowledge map    Save A shale gas field at southern margin of the Sichuan Basin commenced production in 2014. For assuring its engineering efficiency and development benefit, it is critical to accurately understand the geomechanics law and its application in various scales. Accordingly, 3D geomechanics models were built in the scales of the whole study area and the platform. These models are high-resolution models based on structure, geology, attributes and multi-scale natural fractures. Core, well logging and seismic data were used to finely describe the mechanical parameters, and a set of methods for establishing 3D pore pressure model for shale gas field was established. Advanced finite element simulator and large-scale parallel computing technology were applied to establish 3D stress field models with different planar resolutions for the whole study area and the platform. In order to accurately characterize the vertical heterogeneity of shale, the models are designed with a resolution of 0.5 m thick in target layers. Various data were utilized for quality control and calibration of these models, and new data were timely used to continually update these models. The accuracies of these models can reflect the direction, size, heterogeneity and anisotropy of the stress. The results show that in-situ stresses vary greatly at platforms, between wells and along the horizontal well sections. Such complex variations are the consequent reflections of rock textures (e.g. structural form, and multi-scale fracture system) and rock composition in various scales. These geomechanics models can meet various requirements for scale and accuracy in different applications in either the whole study area or any single well. The whole-area model can be used to optimize platform location and well location deployment, to evaluate the geologic storage capacity and resources, and to assess the mechanical stability of faults and fractured belts. The high-resolution platform model can be applied in analyzing borehole stability, managing drilling in real-time manner, optimizing fracturing design, and making post-frac comprehensive evaluation. These geomechanics models have been successfully integrated in the practices of geology-engineering integration. By iterative updating and in-time application, they facilitate the engineering efficiency and development benefits. The establishment of large-scale geomechanics models for development of shale gas fields, recording the first time in China, provides references for future operations. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Sun Huanquan, Zhou Dehua, Cai Xunyu, Wang Feng, Feng Dongjun, Lu Ting Progress and prospects in shale gas development of Sinopec China Petroleum Exploration    2020, 25 (2): 14-26.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2020.02.002 Abstract （2206）   HTML    PDF （1031KB）（86）    Knowledge map    Save China is rich in geological shale gas resources. However, when compared with North America, these resources are characterized by greater geological age, deep burial depths, and high degrees of thermal evolution, as well as complex structures and surface conditions. It is therefore very challenging to achieve commercial development of shale gas in China. Since 2006, Sinopec’s shale gas exploration and development has experienced three stages: investigation and favorable area selection and evaluation; exploration breakthrough, and rapid progress of exploration and development. In 2012, major breakthroughs were made in marine shale gas exploration, and the first shale gas field in China, the Fuling shale gas field, was efficiently established. The commercial development of deep shale gas in the Weirong block has been achieved, and other exploration areas continuously expanded. The proven reserves and production of shale gas have been increasing rapidly. After more than 10 years of scientific and technological research, and development of major equipment, Sinopec has innovatively pioneered a fine description and comprehensive evaluation technology system for shale gas reservoirs, developed a stereoscopic development adjustment technology, and formed a series of supporting technologies for optimized fast drilling and long horizontal well staged fracturing in mountainous areas, as well as green development of gas fields. In the future, Sinopec will continue to strengthen geological evaluation and exploration, consolidate the resource base for sustainable development, adhere to the development idea of geology- engineering integration, strengthen the upgrading of technical equipment, promote cost decreasing and benefit increasing in the oil and gas industry by using big data and artificial intelligence, emphasize the integrated management of whole projects, and improve the development efficiency of shale gas, so as to achieve a steady increase in shale gas proven reserves and production of Sinopec. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Zhang Yiming, Zhang Ruifeng, Wang Shaochun, Liu Xiheng, Li Yongjun, Liu Jing, Wang Huilai, Wang Jian, Wu Chenlin, Dan Weining Practice and understanding of great discovery in oil and gas exploration in Linhe depression of Hetao Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2018, 23 (5): 1-11.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2018.05.001 Abstract （2143）   HTML    PDF （3361KB）（1015）    Knowledge map    Save The Linhe depression of Hetao Basin is a Meso-Cenozoic strike-slip pull basin. The early stage wells were mainly concentrated in the slope zone, which had oil and gas shows but no substantial breakthroughs. Recently, new and old data including gravity, magnetic, electric, seismic, drilling and geology data were used to investigate the basin property, structural characteristics, resource potential and reservoir-cap combination. It is understood that the depression is a strike-slip pull depression, which is zoning east-west and blocking north-south. Two major source rocks in the Lower Cretaceous and Oligocene respectively are confirmed. Three sets of source-reservoir-cap are identified. Indepth comprehensive analyses of the trap-source relationship and the oil and gas accumulation models showed that the Jilantai buried hill is favorable for oil and gas accumulation for its adjacency to the northern deep sag hydrocarbon generation area with Langshan piedmont fault as the main channel for oil and gas migration providing good lateral oil supply conditions. The Jilantai buried hill and its periclinal fault structural belt were selected to deploy Well JHZK2, Well JHZK7 and Well Jihua 2x. All of the three wells have obtained industrial oil flow, which was a great discovery of Linhe depression and demonstrated a broad exploration prospects. With the attention of PetroChina Company and the support of Changqing Oilfield Company as the basis, the innovative geological understanding and scientific deployment and decision-making as prerequisites, the thought-transform and key point-selecting as the key and the selection of economically applicable technologies as the guarantee, the Linhe Depression successfully achieved rapid exploration. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Xie Jun, Zhang Haomiao, She Chaoyi, Li Qirong, Fan Yu, Yang Yang Practice of geology-engineering integration in Changning State Shale Gas Demonstration Area China Petroleum Exploration    2017, 22 (1): 21-28.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2017.01.004 Abstract （2101）   HTML    PDF （16196KB）（775）    Knowledge map    Save In the Sichuan Basin, the geologic survey on shale gas began in 2006, the construction of the state shale gas demonstration area commenced in 2012, and large-scale productivity construction was carried out in 2014. Through a series of systematic researches, the concept of integration has been actively practiced, and the innovative applicability model has been built for shale gas exploration and development. Accordingly, a geology-engineering integration platform has been created, and an intelligent shale gas field has been set up. Guided by the concept of geology-engineering integration, the Changning State Shale Gas Demonstration Area with a comprehensive productivity of 15×10 8 m 3/a has been built, which provides a new direction, new idea, new path and new prospect for CNPC's green and efficient development of shale gas. With referent to the successful unconventional oil and gas development in North America, and depending on the complex surface and subsurface conditions in the Sichuan Basin, the large-scale development of shale gas was realized, and the comprehensive benefit was continuously enhanced, through a series of deployment and exploratory attempts. In this process, a set of relatively complete and specific development model for marine shale gas in China was formed. This model has facilitated the Changning State Shale Gas Demonstration Area to become an outstanding area in China for unconventional oil and gas exploitation, with its single-well productivity gradually improved and comprehensive benefit steadily optimized. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Liu Henian, Shi Buqing, Xue Liangqing, Wan Lunkun, Pan Xiaohua, Ji Zhifeng, Li Zhi, Ma Hong, Fan Guozhang Major achievements of CNPC overseas oil and gas exploration during the 13th Five-Year Plan and prospects for the future China Petroleum Exploration    2020, 25 (4): 1-10.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2020.04.001 Abstract （2096）   HTML    PDF （1008KB）（53）    Knowledge map    Save During the period of the 13th Five-Year Plan, oil prices have remained continuously low and the global investment environment has become increasingly complicated. This has raised major issues for CNPC overseas oil and gas exploration, including the issue of how to adapt to complex internal and external environments as quickly as possible and how to achieve accurate deployment and benefit exploration. The company has proposed a robust deployment strategy of focusing on benefits, seeking large-scale, high-quality, rapidly-recoverable reserves, and carrying out risk exploration and fine exploration. A series of effective exploration management measures have gradually been developed. These include: innovating and implementing an integrated research organization mode of “industry-college-institute-application cooperation”, optimizing decision-making processes at headquarters level, integrating exploration-development-engineering, strengthening international cooperation in deep-water exploration, and screening large basins globally to identify new exploration projects. Between 2016 and 2019, CNPC overseas oil and gas exploration made 12 major breakthroughs and strategic discoveries as a result of implementation of these measures. Discoveries have been made in several fields in mature exploration areas through fine exploration. Cumulative proven oil and gas geological reserves are more than 10×108 t oil equivalent, the discovery cost per barrel oil is less than $2/bbl, and the average success rate of exploration wells is 76%. At present, CNPC overseas oil and gas exploration still faces challenges such as continuously low international oil prices, a sharp decrease in exploration projects, increasingly fierce competition for new blocks, the inferior quality of conventional oil and gas resources, and increasingly complex exploration objects. The company also has comparatively weak capacity for independent exploration and development of deep-water oil and gas. However, There are still rich undiscovered oil and gas resources around the world. Cross-border integration of advanced technologies will transform exploration concepts and technological innovations, so the prospects for overseas oil and gas exploration are broad and promising. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Guo Xujie, Zhi Dongming, Mao Xinjun, Wang Xiaojun, Yi Shiwei, Zhu Ming, Gan Renzhong, Wu Xueqiong Discovery and significance of coal measure gas in Junggar Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2021, 26 (6): 38-49.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2021.06.003 Abstract （2073）   HTML    PDF （5282KB）（9）    Knowledge map    Save Based on the analysis of reservoir in coal measure strata, geochemical characteristics of natural gas, as well as the test results of CBM wells, a new type of natural gas – coal measure gas of the Jurassic Badaowan Formation and Xishanyao Formation is proposed in this study,which is different from both coalbed methane and conventional gas, and characterized by coexistence of conventional and unconventional reservoirs, symbiosis of free gas and adsorbed gas, complementary accumulation and orderly distribution of self-generated and other-source gas. Aiming at this new exploration field, Well Caitan 1H has been deployed in Cai 31 faulted anticline structure in Baijiahai Bulge with the target layer of coal seam of the Jurassic Xishanyao Formation and great discovery of coal measure gas been achieved with the highest gas production of 5.7×104 m3/d and stable gas production of 2×104 m3/d during the well test, which enables a new breakthrough in geology understanding of natural gas, opens up a new field of natural gas exploration, guides a new direction of natural gas exploration, and has a major and far-reaching significance on gas exploration in coal bearing basins. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Jin Zhijun, Cai Xunyu, Liu Jinlian, Zhang Yu, Cheng Zhe The recent exploration progress and resource development strategy of China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation China Petroleum Exploration    2018, 23 (1): 14-25.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2018.01.002 Abstract （2043）   HTML    PDF （2762KB）（846）    Knowledge map    Save Since the oil price significantly reduced, China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation (hereinafter referred to as Sinopec for short) has been active to update oil and gas exploration and development strategy which simply set efficient exploration as a long-term objective, and focused on large-scale targets and developed key and first projects based on large basins; and specifically, continuously made oil-gas breakthrough and large-scale reserve increase in marine carbonate reservoirs, eastern continental faulted basins, middle and western clastic rocks and shale oil-gas. This active strategy has delivered a new profile of sustainable oil reserve and production, and rapidly increasing natural gas reserve and production. Analysis of Sinopec's remaining oil-gas resources indicates that oil exploration is in early and intermediate stages and gas exploration is in early stage, and both of which has the resource basis for sustainable development. At present, influenced by multiple adverse factors such as sluggish oil price and poor resource endowment, exploration and development strategy should be further updated by focusing on eastern continental faulted basins, marine carbonate reservoirs, middle and western clastic rocks, shale oil and gas and sea areas with advancing development of theory, technology, techniques and management to promote precise exploration in old fields, make breakthrough in new fields and provide sound resource basis for sustainable development. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Xie Yuhong China National Offshore Oil Corporation: Major achievements in oil and gas exploration during the “13th Five-Year Plan” period and prospects for the “14th Five-Year Plan” period#br# China Petroleum Exploration    2021, 26 (1): 43-54.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2021.01.004 Abstract （2033）   HTML    PDF （1634KB）（1367）    Knowledge map    Save During the “13th Five-Year Plan” period, China National Offshore Oil Corporation (hereinafter referred to as CNOOC) implemented a national energy development strategy action plan. The plan promoted the integration of exploration, development, and production in unconventional oil and gas in both domestic exploration and the company’s overseas development business. New domains and new strata were actively explored, with good exploration results and low operating costs. Proven reserves and production increased rapidly, creating a new situation in offshore oil and gas exploration. CNOOC has carried out scientific research on exploration theories and key technologies, and developed a series of innovative understandings of hydrocarbon accumulation mechanisms for stratigraphic-lithologic, high-temperature and high-pressure (HTHP), deep buried hill, and deep-water oil and gas reservoirs. Meanwhile, the company has tackled problems in key technologies such as offshore seismic exploration in mid-deep layers, efficient drilling in complex strata, and practical equipment for offshore exploration. Major exploration breakthroughs have been made in multiple regions of various geological types, including the buried hills of the Bohai Bay Basin, the deep-water area of the Qiongdongnan Basin, the Yangjiang and Huizhou Sags of the Pearl River Mouth Basin, and onshore tight gas in the eastern margin of the Ordos Basin. Recoverable reserves from overseas exploration rights have steadily increased, and an initial strategic plan for the overseas business has been developed. During the “14th Five-Year Plan” period, risk exploration will be strengthened and key technologies for deep formations, deep water high-temperature and high-pressure fields, and lithologic reservoirs studied continuously. Exploration fields and targets are constantly being expanded. The overseas business adheres to the principle of “efficient exploration”, highlighting strategic core areas and striving to obtain more and better-quality reserves. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Wang Xuejun, Yu Baoli, Zhao Xiaohui, Cai Xiling, Li Hong, Fang Yong, Liu Yulian Development and Application of “ 2W1H ” Technique in Oil and Gas Exploration China Petroleum Exploration    2015, 20 (5): 41-53.   Abstract （2015）   HTML       Knowledge map    Save The “2W1H ”(wide-band, wide azimuth and high-density) technique, a high-precision integration seismic exploration technology, presents requirements for matching theoretical concepts and technical processes from field data acquisition to data processing and interpretation. This paper provides basic definitions and technical specifications for the “2W1H ”technique, and points out its superior advantages in resolution, fidelity and inversion accuracy based on theoretical records and synthetic records. The technique can be used for description of reservoirs in areas with well-developed thin interbeds, prediction of fractures in areas with high anisotropy, and exploration of deeper targets or formations with special lithologic features. In addition, the technique may be used to enhance quality of structural mapping for formations with complicated structures. Application of the technique in 3 areas proved its importance in exploration, appraisal and development of complex oil/gas reservoirs. By enhancing quality of seismic data, the technique can effectively reflect configurations of complex reservoirs and distribution of fluids therein, so as to promote fidelity of the data. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Wang Xiangzeng Advances and prospects in oil and gas exploration and development of Shanxi Yanchang Petroleum (Group) Co.,Ltd China Petroleum Exploration    2018, 23 (1): 36-43.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2018.01.004 Abstract （2013）   HTML    PDF （2858KB）（714）    Knowledge map    Save Shanxi Yanchang Petroleum (Group) Co., Ltd (hereinafter referred to as Yanchang Petroleum Group for short) has promoted theoretical and technical research of exploration and development of oil, natural gas and shale gas, in Ordos Basin. The coordinated development of various resources has achieved remarkable results. In the aspect of petroleum exploration, the theory of "alternate accumulation of oil" was put forward. Through quantitative simulation of oil transportation and aggregation, exploration breakthrough of Lower Yanchang Formation had been achieved, and proven geological reserves of 2.75×10 8t had been found. In terms of oil development, by revealing dual mechanism of seepage-displacement of fractured ultra-low permeability reservoir, development technology of "modest and mild" water injection was established. The natural decline rate of oil fields decreased from 18.22% to 12.6%. Effective development of low-grade oil fields had been achieved. In natural gas exploration and development, by putting forward a new theory of " sand body distribution was controlled by the shoreline frequent migration in shallow water environment" and "the natural gas accumulation was controlled by the mature hydrocarbon source kitchen migration " in the Upper Paleozoic, the Yan'an gas field has been discovered and proved reserves of 6650×10 8m 3 in the southeastern Ordos Basin. In terms of shale gas, the geological cognition of lacustrine basin possessed shale gas accumulation conditions was proposed. Based on supporting technology research, breakthroughs of continental shale gas were achieved. In the future, Yanchang Petroleum Group would continue to adhere to the strategy of "stabilizing oil, boosting gas and intensifying unconventional resources". By keeping pushing forward the exploration and development mode of "integrated geological engineering", to ensure the sustainable development of enterprises. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Qi Lixin Characteristics and inspiration of ultra-deep fault-karst reservoir in the Shunbei area of the Tarim Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2020, 25 (1): 102-111.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2020.01.010 Abstract （1990）   HTML    PDF （4170KB）（59）    Knowledge map    Save In recent years, a new type of oil reservoir, with reserves of 1 billion tons, has been discovered in the low uplift of Shuntuoguole in the Tarim Basin - ultra-deep fault-karst oil reservoir in the Shunbei area. By deepening understanding of the geological conditions for oil and gas accumulation in the Shunbei area, the constraint on development represented by the fact that karst reservoirs had not been developed in the lower structure positions has been broken. It is also proposed that large-scale reservoirs can be formed by later superimposed buried fluid reformation, mainly due to structure fracturing of strike slip fault zones. The multi-stage activities of strike slip fault zones play an important role in controlling reservoir reformation, trap formation and hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. The hydrocarbon accumulation mode of "multi-stage hydrocarbon supply in Cambrian, deep buried fault-karst reservoir, in-situ vertical migration, mainly late stage accumulation, strike slip faults controlling enrichment" has been established for ultra-deep fault-karst reservoir in the Shunbei area. The main controlling factors of enrichment of the fault-karst reservoir have been presented. As a new type of reservoir, ultra-deep fault-karst reservoir has extended the theory of hydrocarbon accumulation in marine carbonates, confirms the great exploration potential of ultra-deep marine carbonate formations, and is the key field for reserves increase in the future. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Zhang Ningning, Wang Qing, Wang Jianjun, Hou Lianhua, Li Haowu, Li Qian Characteristics of oil and gas discoveries in recent 20 years and future exploration in the world China Petroleum Exploration    2018, 23 (1): 44-53.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2018.01.005 Abstract （1962）   HTML    PDF （3636KB）（882）    Knowledge map    Save Analysis and statistics of the world's oil and gas discoveries is helpful to understand upstream exploration progress and predict future exploration fields. By means of statistical analysis and petroleum exploration theory, 9010 oil and gas discoveries from 1996 to 2016 were analyzed, focused on the discoveries' reserve scale, types and distribution, basin types and operating companies in recent five years. The statistics show that the total recoverable reserve discovered from 1996 to 2016 is 6722 x108 barrels of oil equivalent, and 997 oil and gas discoveries have recoverable reserves of more than 100 million barrels each, accounting for 85% of the total recoverable reserves. Since 2014, the number and scale of new oil and gas discoveries have fallen dramatically, but natural gas discoveries are increasing. Africa boasts for the largest recoverable reserves form 2012-2016 in the world, followed by Latin America, central Asia-Russia, Southeast Asia, North America, Middle East and Europe. Oil and gas discoveries are mainly distributed in passive continental margin basins, rift basins and foreland basins, of which 70% were found in foreland basins by the main international oil companies and national oil companies. Our analysis indicates that newly discovered oil & gas resources become less and less in land, and more and more transfer to deep water and ultra-deep water environment; exploration in frontiers, new types, new depth and new sequence in matured basin is ongoing; and natural gas is becoming more and more important. Since the offshore oil & gas exploration will be an important development trend, Chinese oil companies should strengthen upstream exploration investment and cooperation with international companies to acquire appreciable deep-water assets, pay more attention to offshore exploration target assessment and selection, and advance technical reserve and innovation. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cai Xunyu, Liu Jinlian, Zhao Peirong, Liu Chaoying, Cheng Zhe Oil and Gas Exploration Progress and Upstream Development Strategy of Sinopec China Petroleum Exploration    2020, 25 (1): 11-19.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2020.01.002 Abstract （1938）   HTML    PDF （6771KB）（234）    Knowledge map    Save Since the strategic reorganization of Sinopec, the company’s upstream resources strategy has been steadily promoted, and a development pattern has been established: from east to west; from oil to oil and gas; from conventional to unconventional, and new energy resources. This has formed a development trend of stable development of oil, rapid development of natural gas, orderly promotion of new energy resources, continuous optimization of the overseas oil and gas business, continuous improvement of supporting engineering technologies, and rapid advance of informatization and intelligent construction. Since 2016, remarkable achievements have been made in oil and gas exploration and development. Production and reserves in marine carbonate formations in the Tarim Basin and Sichuan Basin have achieved large-scale increases. Through fine exploration and development, benefit increase of reserves and production has been achieved in the eastern mature exploration areas. Exploration and development of clastic rocks in the central and western basins have realized benefit productivity construction. New breakthroughs have been made in the exploration and development of deep and normal-pressure shale gas in the Sichuan Basin. New progress has been made in overseas oil and gas exploration. Looking forward to the future, Sinopec takes safeguarding national energy security as its own responsibility, vigorously improving domestic oil and gas exploration and development, continuously optimizing overseas oil and gas exploration and development structure, accelerating construction of natural gas production, supply, storage and marketing systems, and actively promoting business development of new energy resources. The company will vigorously carry out high-quality exploration and benefit development, achieve large-scale reserves and production increase, and ensure successful achievement of the objectives of its ‘seven-year action plan’. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Guo Xusheng, Hu Dongfeng, Wei Zhihong, Li Yuping, Wei Xiangfeng Discovery and exploration of Fuling shale gas field China Petroleum Exploration    2016, 21 (3): 24-37.   Abstract （1909）   HTML    PDF （6942KB）（916）    Knowledge map    Save Fuling shale gas field is the first shale gas field put into commercial development, with the largest proven reserves and the highest average test production in China. It was discovered on November 28, 2012, by Sinopec Exploration Company based on the theory of “binary enrichments” for highly-evolved marine share gas in complex structural areas in southern China. By the end of 2015, its total proven gas reserves were 3805.98×108m3, and the designed production capacity of 50×108m3 in Phase I was achieved. This gas field is characterized by integration of source and reservoir, intensive layered distribution and general gas endowment, It is a typical self-generation and self-storage shale gas field. As a mid-deep, high-pressure, and high-quality natural gas reservoir, it contains high-quality shales in deep-water continental shelf, with fine roof and floor conditions and weaker structural transformation in later stage, which are the major factors controlling shale gas enrichment and high productivity in this area. Based on the discovery of Fuling shale gas field and the exploration practices in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery, the main controlling factors for shale gas enrichment in complex structural areas in southern China were analyzed. The analysis highlighted the preservation condition as the key factor. Conclusions are drawn in three aspects. First, extra-basin tectonic uplifting time, syncline width, burial depth and fracture are the main parameters to evaluate the preservation conditions in shale gas layers. Second, for areas at the basin margins, the evaluation should focus on the effects of basin-controlling faults on shale gas layers. Third, nature and scale of the faults and development features of high-angle fractures in the basin are critical for evaluating the shale gas preservation conditions. From the discovery of Fuling shale gas field, the following enlightenments can be obtained for shale gas exploration in complex structures in southern China. First, shale gas exploration should be conducted depending on the basic laws of oil and gas generation. Second, several shale gas exploration targets exist in southern China, especially the regions deeper than 4500 m, extra-basin normal pressure regions, and continental shale gas areas. Third, basic information, innovative ideas and critical technologies are essential for making breakthroughs in shale gas exploration. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Yang Qinyong, Yang Jiangfeng, Wang Xianbin, Zhou Xiaohui, Chen Wei, Li Na Sinopec: Progress and development direction of geophysical prospecting technology#br# China Petroleum Exploration    2021, 26 (1): 121-130.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2021.01.010 Abstract （1899）   HTML    PDF （1791KB）（46）    Knowledge map    Save Geophysical prospecting technology is an indispensable tool for oil and gas exploration, providing technical support for driving the growth of oil and gas reserves and production in China. After decades of development, the geophysical prospecting technology of Sinopec has its own characteristics in seismic data acquisition, processing and interpretation. Since the “13th Five-Year Plan” period, significant progress has been made in technologies such as high-density seismic exploration, efficient acquisition using vibroseis, deep and ultra-deep carbonate rock reservoir imaging and description, “sweet spot” identification of tight clastic rock, geophysics and engineering integration in unconventional oil and gas, and in software and hardware R&D.These technologies have strongly supported exploration and development in Sinopec’s key oilfields. In this paper, geological problems in Sinopec’s main exploration and development areas are analyzed in detail and the corresponding geophysical prospecting technology requirements in seven major exploration domains described. These include: clastics in the eastern fault basin,deep and ultra-deep carbonate rocks, tight clastic rocks in central-western basins, unconventional oil and gas, piedmont, and offshore areas. Placing Sinopec’s geophysical prospecting technology in the broader context of technical development trends in the industry at home and abroad, this paper proposes a future development direction for Sinopec with three major aspects: “current technology research, future key technology research and development, and ‘neck stuck’ software and equipment development”.This will help to promote high quality development of geophysical exploration technology for Sinopec, which is of great general significance for the rapid development of the geophysical exploration industry in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Xie Huiwen, Neng Yuan, Jing Bing, Zhu Yongfeng, Wang Bin New discovery in exploration of Cambrian-Ordovician dolomite buried hills in Tarim Basin and its significance China Petroleum Exploration    2017, 22 (3): 1-11.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2017.03.001 Abstract （1882）   HTML    PDF （5029KB）（757）    Knowledge map    Save Since the breakthrough was made in Well Central Tarim 1 in 2008, oil and gas exploration in the Cambrian-Ordovician dolomite buried hills has been continued in the Tarim Basin. Except that effective exploration and development was carried out in the Yaha-Yingmaili Cambrian dolomite buried hill in the northern North Tarim uplift, only two wells, Central Tarim 1 and Shan 1, revealed oil and gas in the Central Tarim uplift-Bachu uplift belt. All regional exploration operations failed, and the exploration in the dolomite buried hills in this belt almost stalled for over 20 years. In 2016, after further understanding of the structural model and analysis of the hydrocarbon accumulation conditions, two wells (Ross 2 and Zhonggu 58) were drilled in the Maigaiti slope and the eastern Central Tarim uplift, respectively, and delivered high-yield of industrial oil and gas flow from the dolomite buried hills. This recorded a new discovery in the exploration of dolomite buried hills and indicated the important exploration value in the Cambrian-Ordovician dolomite buried hills. Re-processing and re-interpretation of 2D and 3D seismic data confirmed three dolomite buried hill zones in the eastern Central Tarim uplift, the Luonan- Niaoshan structural belt and the East Mahu structural belt, covering a favorable area of 1600 km 2. Reservoirs in the dolomite buried hills are characterized by shallow depth (3500-5500 m) and high exploration efficiency, showing large exploration potentials. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Ma Tao, Zhang Zhonghong, Wang Tiecheng, Ding Jianyu, Huang Zhaoyue, Xiang Jian, Xin Qi, Wang Jianyu, Zhu Mingxin Architecture design and implementation of E&P Dream Cloud platform China Petroleum Exploration    2020, 25 (5): 71-81.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2020.05.010 Abstract （1864）   HTML    PDF （4315KB）（808）    Knowledge map    Save The petroleum industry has entered a new era of rapid digital development and intelligent operations. Maximizing the capabilities of the new technologies is an urgent requirement in every sphere, so the question of how to achieve digitalization and intellectualization of information and management systems has become an important topic for upstream oil and gas enterprises to study and explore. Influenced by the latest development trends in global information technologies, and inspired by international best practice, PetroChina’s upstream business segment has formulated a blueprint of constructing a platform for upstream business information and application sharing—the E&P Dream Cloud platform (Dream Cloud). Dream Cloud adopts a cloud computing and microservice architecture design, merging enterprise data governance concepts with technology systems, and integrating big data, artificial intelligence, and other advanced technologies. The results are a “platform + capability + application” ecology of Dream Cloud and the establishment of an open and sharing environment of “data + technology + application” for the upstream business. The system has already enhanced the intelligence sharing capability of the upstream business, providing agile digital and intelligent services for upstream business applications. The platform and its applications use Devops, agile development, and other technologies to achieve efficient and integrated development which supports data interconnection, technology interoperability, and business collaboration across the upstream business. As an intelligent sharing platform for PetroChina’s upstream business, Dream Cloud has opened up a sustainable development road for the implementation of the company’s overall “sharing Petro- China” strategy and provided support for the digital transformation and intelligent development of the upstream business. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics