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Fu Jinhua, Wang Long, Chen Xiu, Liu Jiangyan, Hui Xiao, Cheng Dangxing Progress and prospects of shale oil exploration and development in the seventh member of Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2023, 28 (5): 1-14.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2023.05.001 Abstract （1363）   HTML    PDF （8745KB）（23）    Knowledge map    Save As an important replacement resource, shale oil is a major exploration field widely concerned at home and abroad. The long-term exploration and development practice enabled to make significant breakthrough and progress in the exploration, development and research of shale oil in the seventh member of Yanchang Formation (Chang 7 member) in Ordos Basin: (1) On the basis of exploration breakthrough in the interlayered type shale oil and discovery of the first integral one-billion-ton level Qingcheng Oilfield, the large-scale and benefit development has been achieved, and a million-ton level national shale oil development demonstration zone has been constructed. (2) In the exploration of the laminated type shale oil, four types of laminated type have been classified of the fine-grained sedimentary complex for the first time, i.e., sandy lamina, tuffaceous lamina, high TOC argillaceous lamina, and medium-low TOC argillaceous lamina. The combination of sandy lamina and medium-low TOC argillaceous lamina is the optimal “sweet spot” interval of the laminated shale oil by evaluating their development scale, reservoir performance, oil-bearing property, movability, and crude oil properties. For the sweet spot interval, new logging evaluation methods such as M- N cross plot are used to finely interpret the complex lithology, and the directional perforation and cross-layer stereoscopic fracturing technology enable to achieve the spatial communication of sweet spots around the wellbore in horizontal section, forming technologies for the effective identification, prediction of sweet spots and reconstruction of the laminated type shale oil, and achieving a major breakthrough in risk exploration, with the primarily submitted predicted shale oil reserves of 2.05×10 8 t. (3) The laminar type shale oil is subdivided into two categories. The medium-high maturity organic shale can be developed by horizontal well, and relatively high TOC (4%-14%) and high S 1 content are key indicators for screening favorable sweet spots. While the medium-low maturity organic shale is the most favorable target for in-situ transformation research. The strategic breakthrough has been made in the exploration of continental shale oil in Chang 7 member in Ordos Basin, which is a milestone in China’s petroleum exploration and development history, but it still faces great challenges. For example, the large-scale and benefit development has been achieved of the interlayered type shale oil, but further research should be conducted on the prediction of sweet spots, production increase and efficiency improvement, and enhanced oil recovery. The laminated type shale oil is facing more challenges and greater difficulty in benefit utilization due to the completely different sedimentary settings, lithologic combination, reservoir space, and engineering quality from the interlayered type shale oil. Therefore, by focusing on the reserve quality and oil movability, hydrocarbon accumulation law should continuously be studied and the research on supporting technology should be strengthened. While for the laminar type shale oil with relative low level of exploration and understanding, the theoretical research and pilot test should steadily be promoted. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Guo Xusheng, Zhang Yu, Liu Chaoying, Li Meng, Liu Shilin, Shen Baojian Theoretical and technological progress, challenges, and development directions of oil and gas exploration of Sinopec during the 14 th Five-Year Plan period China Petroleum Exploration    2025, 30 (1): 1-14.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2025.01.001 Abstract （1299）   HTML       Knowledge map    Save Based on a systematic review of the exploration achievements and theoretical technological progress made by China Petroleum&Chemical Corporation (Sinopec) in different fields since the 14 th Five Year Plan, the main challenges, development opportunities,and directions for oil and gas exploration have been proposed. Since the 14 th Five Year Plan, facing challenges such as relatively weak resource foundation and increasingly complex exploration targets, Sinopec has firmly adhered to its main business of oil and gas energy security, focused on expanding resources, increasing reserves, and expanding mining rights, increased efforts to expand and increase oil and gas resources, and achieved multiple strategic breakthroughs and theoretical technological innovations. Developing theoretical understanding of oil and gas accumulation in ultra deep marine fault controlled fractures and caves, and discovered Shunbei Oil Field; Tackle the theoretical and technological system of shale oil exploration in terrestrial fault basins, and promote sustained major breakthroughs in shale oil;Improve the theoretical understanding of “dual enrichment” of marine shale gas, and achieve leapfrog development in multi-layer shale gas exploration in the Sichuan Basin; Tackle the theory of tight detrital rock formation and reservoir formation, and cultivate multiple scale benefit enhanced storage sites; Tackling the mechanism of coalbed methane occurrence and enrichment, achieving strategic breakthroughs in deep coalbed methane; Significant breakthroughs have been achieved in the exploration of new marine areas such as the Beibuwan Basin. In the future, Sinopec will face three major development challenges: the reduction of mining rights, technological innovation in the exploration theory of “two deep and one non”, and the difficulty of efficient exploration. At the same time, it needs to seize four historical development opportunities: national energy security guarantee, China’s shale oil and gas revolution, green and lowcarbon transformation, and digital and intelligent upgrading. Sinopec will focus on five major projects for development, namely, leading the breakthrough in deep and ultra deep exploration in the central and western regions with the “Deep Earth Engineering”, leading the rapid transformation of mature exploration area resources with the “Shale Oil Demonstration Project”, leading the leapfrog development of unconventional natural gas with the “Shale Gas Demonstration Project”, leading the integrated benefit development with the “Tight Oil and Gas Storage Project”, and leading the new discovery of blue ocean strategy with the “Sea Area Breakthrough Project”. Sinopec will make greater contributions to ensuring national energy security and achieving the “dual carbon” goals. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Wang Haige, Huang Hongchun, Ji Guodong, Chen Changchang, Lv Zehao, Chen Weifeng, Bi Wenxin, Liu Li Progress and challenges of drilling and completion technologies for deep,ultra-deep and horizontal wells of CNPC China Petroleum Exploration    2023, 28 (3): 1-11.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2023.03.001 Abstract （1274）   HTML    PDF （1246KB）（84）    Knowledge map    Save The deep, ultra-deep and unconventional resources have grown to be the major exploration and development fields for increasing reserves and production in China. Since the 13 th Five-Year Plan period, the engineering technology has continuously been researched by focusing on the key exploration and development targets in six basins (including five oil basins and three gas basins) and drilling speed acceleration difficulties, such as high temperature and high pressure formations and narrow fluid density window, and a large number of technical achievements have been obtained. For example, the key drilling and completion technologies for deep, ultra-deep and unconventional horizontal wells have been developed rapidly, forming key technologies with the core of unconventional well structure optimization, safe, highefficiency,optimal and fast drilling, high-temperature resistant drilling fluid, finely pressure-controlling drilling and completion, and expansion pipe, and a number of landmark ultra-deep wells have successfully been drilled; The equipment has been developed such as high-power top drive, integrated geo-steering system, and green economic reservoir reconstruction tool, as well as core additives such as temperature resistance high-performance drilling fluid and high-efficiency leak-proof and plugging materials have been researched, which have accelerated the lowcost,large-scale and cost-effective development of unconventional oil and gas resources. The drilling depth of deep wells exceeds 9000 m, the horizontal section length of horizontal wells is up to 5000 m, and the maximum footage of one trip drilling is 3700 m, with some indicators comparable to those in North America. The research achievements have boosted the discovery and development of large oil and gas fields such as Tarim Fuman, Sichuan Shuangyushi and Daqing Gulong, and provided powerful engineering and technical supports for improving the utilization rate and benefits of resource exploration and development. Associated with the continuous progress of petroleum exploration and development, the engineering geological risks and new challenges faced by drilling operations occur frequently. Therefore, further research is still necessary, including accurate prediction of formation pressure, optimization and expansion of wellbore structure, well trajectory control,high-temperature resistant working fluid system, high-efficiency rock breaking and speed-up tools, as well as integration of geology and engineering, so as to realize the continuous iteration and upgrading of key drilling technologies and equipment, and support the high-efficiency exploration and development of deep, ultra-deep, and unconventional oil and gas resources. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Lei Qun, Weng Dingwei, Cai Bo, He Chunming, Shi Yang, Ma Zeyuan Progress, key challenges and countermeasures of reservoir stimulation technology of PetroChina China Petroleum Exploration    2023, 28 (5): 15-27.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2023.05.002 Abstract （1138）   HTML    PDF （1123KB）（16）    Knowledge map    Save In order to guarantee the policy of national energy resources security and accelerate domestic oil and gas production, confronting growing complex exploration objects, innovation and advance in reservoir stimulation are the most significant drivers for discovering resources and increasing reserves. By comprehensively reviewing the development history of reservoir stimulation and analyzing technical challenges for exploration target characteristics of PetroChina Company Limited (PetroChina), main progress of reservoir stimulation is systematically summarized, including the optimized design of fracture-controlled stimulation to maximize the release of reserves, the increasing operational capability of fracturing equipment, more robust downhole tools, lower cost of fracturing fluid and improved personalization, and the obvious trend of proppant to low-cost and small mesh size. The supporting role of reservoir stimulation for exploration discovery is clarified. A comprehensive analysis of the key problems faced by hydraulic fracturing is conducted in four aspects: i.e., primary elements of fracturing, fracturing design optimization, field operation quality, and technology evolution. Specifically, the countermeasures in four aspects are proposed: (1) igniting innovation of basic research to provide theoretical support for the progress of fracturing technology; (2) promoting the quality of five primary elements to support the high-quality development of reservoir stimulation technology; (3) promoting the precise technical scheme to provide guidance for more efficient exploration and development of oil and gas; (4) increasing the efficiency of technical management to create a new mode of efficient treatment of engineering management. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Wu Yugen, Men Xiangyong, Lou Yu New progress and prospect of coalbed methane exploration and development in China during the 14 th Five-Year Plan period China Petroleum Exploration    2024, 29 (1): 1-13.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2024.01.001 Abstract （920）   HTML    PDF （3914KB）（26）    Knowledge map    Save The development of coalbed methane (CBM) helps to achieve the goal of peak carbon and carbon neutrality as early as possible, and the industrialization of CBM development has basically been achieved in China. However, restricted by theoretical and technological factors, the development scale does not match the abundant resources. Since the 14 th Five-Year Plan period, new progress has been made in CBM exploration and development, including five aspects: (1) The large-scale development of deep CBM has begun in China, and the growth rate of CBM output has significantly accelerated; (2) Major breakthrough has been made the exploration and development of deep CBM, greatly expanding the space for industrial development; (3) Remarkable results have been achieved in reservoir stimulation and reconstruction of difficult to recover resources such as low-efficiency areas and thin coal seams in mature gas fields; (4) Compared with the 13 th Five-Year Plan period, the research focus has shifted from medium-shallow to deep CBM, great innovations have been made in CBM development theory and technology represented by large-scale horizontal well multi-stage fracturing technology in four aspects of geological understanding, drilling and completion, fracturing, and drainage and production, significantly increasing the gas production; (5) The policy environment of CBM industry has continuously been optimized. The preliminary study shows that China has abundant deep CBM resources, and deep CBM resources with a burial depth of greater than 1500 m are more than twice as those with a burial depth of small than 1500 m; The proven CBM reserves in China are dominated by middle-shallow CBM, but the recovery rate is only 7%, indicating considerable remaining resources. In addition, there are abundant CBM resources in thin coal seams in the mature gas fields, which are the realistic replacement resources. Therefore, the major breakthrough of deep CBM and the successful reservoir stimulation and reconstruction in mature gas fields have become the main driving force leading the rapid development of CBM industry, which have shown promising prospects. Based on the research results by several institutions and experts, it is expected that CBM output in China will reach 100×10 8 m 3 in 2025 and 300×10 8 m 3 in 2035. On the other hand, CBM development in China is faced with many challenges. For example, the geological theory and understanding in the new fields of deep CBM and thin coal seams need to be deeply and systematically studied, exploration and development engineering technology for deep CBM is still in the research stage, and the policy support for industrial development still needs improvement. Therefore, it is suggested to strengthen risk CBM exploration and favorable zone selection and evaluation in new fields, strengthen theoretical and technical research on high-efficiency CBM exploration and development, and strengthen policy support and development guidance for CBM industry. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Zhao Wenzhi, Shen Anjiang, Qiao Zhanfeng, Zhang Jianyong, Ni Xinfeng Theoretical progress in carbonate reservoir and discovery of large marine oil and gas fields in China China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (4): 1-15.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.04.001 Abstract （916）   HTML    PDF （2587KB）（23）    Knowledge map    Save Different from foreign countries, the marine carbonate rocks in China are featured by development in small craton block, old geologic age, deep burial depth, and strong transformation, and the theory and technology are faced with problems in the evaluation of oil and gas exploration potential in the intraplatform, intra-carbonate strata, platform margin and old strata in deep formations. By relying on the carbonate reservoir project of national oil and gas special projects during the 11 th and 13 th Five-Year Plan periods and CNPC Key Laboratory of Carbonate Reservoirs, the targeted theoretical and technological researches on carbonate reservoir have been conducted, and innovative understanding has been achieved in four aspects, including: (1) The rifts are generally developed in the intraplatform of small cratons and the geological knowledge of sedimentary differentiation promotes the expansion of exploration field from platform margin to the intraplatform; (2) The discovery of new types of intra-carbonate karst reservoir promotes the expansion of exploration field from the local buried hill to the broad intra-carbonate strata; (3) The deep carbonate reservoir is controlled by sedimentary facies, consolidating the large scale and predictability of reservoir, which understanding promotes the expansion of exploration field from shallow to deep formations; (4) The geological understanding of “ternary” reservoir controlling and distribution of the ancient microbial carbonate rocks promotes the expansion of new exploration fields in the Meso-Neoproterozoic and subsalt Cambrian. The above theoretical progress supports to fill the gap in the field of carbonate reservoir study at home and abroad, and is confirmed by the discovery of large oil and gas fields such as Tazhong, Lungu, Halahatang, Shunbei in Tarim Basin, and Puguang, Yuanba, and Anyue in Sichuan Basin. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Zhao Wenzhi, Zhu Rukai, Zhang Jingya, Yang Jingru Classification, exploration and development status and development trend of continental shale oil in China China Petroleum Exploration    2023, 28 (4): 1-13.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2023.04.001 Abstract （873）   HTML    PDF （970KB）（19）    Knowledge map    Save By comprehensively analyzing the current classification scheme of shale oil at home and abroad, and comparing the exploration and development history, shale oil reserves and output status, and production performance of horizontal wells in China and the United States, the differences in geological conditions, resource quality, recoverability, economy and scale of shale oil between the two countries are analyzed. It is proposed to define the continental shale oil zones in China by using the nomenclature of “geographical location + shale oil” or “geographical location + stratigraphic unit + shale oil”. Furthermore, the shale oil types are classified according to two levels: Firstly, the shale oil is divided into three types based on the sandstone-to-formation ratio (the ratio of source rock to reservoir) or sedimentary facies zones, namely tight oil type shale oil, transitional type shale oil, and pure shale oil; Then the pure shale oil is further subdivided into medium-high mature shale oil and medium-low mature shale oil, or in another way, it is subdivided into light oil, thin oil, heavy oil, and viscous oil zones based on the maturity or oil properties. For the medium-high mature continental shale oil targets, efforts should be focused on the evaluation of enrichment zones/intervals in high-pressure zones, as well as trial production, and research on optimal production technology before 2025, so as to reduce costs to the maximum extent and improve initial single-well production and cumulative output. It is estimated that the annual shale oil output in China will be 600×104t to 1000×10 4t. During the 2025-2035, technology will be further upgraded and optimized to reduce costs, and the annual shale oil output is expected to be 1200×10 4t to 1500×10 4t, growing to be a major supplement to crude oil production with an annual capacity of 2×10 8t/a. As for medium-low mature shale oil, pilot test on the in-situ conversion of shale oil in Chang 7 3 sub-member in Ordos Basin is focused at present; At around 2030, the critical equipment and core technologies will be localized hopefully, and the large-scale and commercial development of shale oil will be achieved, with an annual shale oil output of ten millions of tons. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Hu Wenrui, Zhang Shutong, Xu Siyuan, Wang Xue Practice, challenges and prospects of oil and gas field development in China China Petroleum Exploration    2024, 29 (5): 1-11.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2024.05.001 Abstract （869）   HTML    PDF （640KB）（53）    Knowledge map    Save Oil and gas enterprises face greater risks and challenges in ensuring national energy security associated with the deterioration of domestic oil and gas resources, greater difficulty in increasing reserves and production, continuously higher technical requirements, and constantly increasing development costs. In this context, the development practice of oil and gas fields in China over the past century is systematically reviewed, and the trends and composition of oil and gas reserves and production since the founding of the People’s Republic of China are analyzed in detail, which enable to reclassify the stage of oil and gas field development. Based on resource types of continental, marine, low-permeability, offshore, and shale oil and gas, oil and gas field development theory and technology are deeply summarized. Furthermore, the targeted countermeasures and suggestions are proposed by focusing on the challenges faced by the development of oil and gas industry at present, such as the extremely great difficulty in the innovation of exploration and development theories, demands for further improving the adaptability of unconventional oil and gas exploration and development technologies, high cost of oil and gas development, and the more significant contradiction between resource exploration and development and land lease and environmental protection. Combined with the new development situation, the study proposes that transforming towards intelligence is the fundamental path for the development of oil and gas enterprises, unconventional oil and gas development will occupy a major position in domestic oil and gas development, and green and low-carbon transformation is the inevitable trend for the sustainable development of oil and gas enterprises. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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He Faqi, Zhang Yu, Wang Fubin, Zhang Ru, Zhang Wei, Qi Rong, An Chuan, Li Xiaowei, Deng Jie Petroleum exploration progress and new field of Sinopec in Ordos Basin during the 13 th Five-Year Plan period China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (5): 1-12.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.05.001 Abstract （860）   HTML    PDF （6063KB）（18）    Knowledge map    Save In the early 13 th Five-Year Plan period, petroleum exploration of Sinopec North China Oil & Gas Company in Ordos Basin was faced with challenges in producing natural gas reserves, unclear understanding of oil accumulation law, and uncertain resource replacement fields. In the past five years, by strengthening the integral structure and sedimentary evolution study in the basin, the differential configuration of hydrocarbon accumulation elements was analyzed, understanding of gas differential accumulation in the Upper Paleozoic in the transitional zone at the northern basin margin was innovatively formed, and the exploration and development technology for complex water-bearing gas reservoir in basin margin was developed, which supported to discover Dongsheng Gas Field; Based on the reprocessing and interpretation of 3D seismic data, hydrocarbon accumulation in the Mesozoic tight sandstone fault-fracture body in the transitional zone at the southern basin margin was identified, and new “sweet point” types of the Mesozoic tight oil were evaluated by using “six-determination” description method of fault-fracture body oil reservoir; The fault-fracture controlled karst reservoir in marine carbonate rocks was discovered by largearea 3D seismic data reprocessing, and the reservoir development and hydrocarbon accumulation pattern in large unconformity carbonate karst reservoirs in the Lower Paleozoic was proposed. After identifying and predicting the distribution of carbonate karst reservoirs, favorable zones were selected and evaluated, and carbonate exploration in the Paleozoic in the southern basin was strengthened, which supported to prove two gas replacement fields with reserve of hundred billion cubic meter level. Finally, petroleum exploration results were summarized and geological understanding was formed that the strike-slip fault system is widely developed in the basin and karst reservoirs are controlled by faults. The comprehensive analysis indicates that the karst zones controlled by multi-stage active strike-slip faults below the deep marine carbonate weathering crust and the complex tight clastic reservoir in the peripheral basin are major exploration prospects and fields during the 14th Five-Year Plan period. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Guo Qiulin, Bai Xuefeng, He Wenjun, Fan Liyong, Wang Jian, Jiang Wenya, Liu-Zhuang Xiaoxue, Chen Ningsheng Shale oil resource assessment methods, parameter standards and typical case studies China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (5): 27-41.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.05.003 Abstract （834）   HTML    PDF （11212KB）（21）    Knowledge map    Save Given the strong heterogeneity of continental shales in China, small element volumetric method should be adopted for resource assessment of interlayer shale oil and small element volume method for pure shale oil. The fitting relationship curve between S 1 and TOC as well as relationship curve between light hydrocarbon recovery coefficient and R o are established to obtain the original S 1 content. In addition,four key parameters for the evaluation of pure shale oil resources ( S 1, TOC, R o and shale thickness) and another three for interlayer shale oil resources (cumulative thickness of shale interlayer, porosity and oil saturation) are determined, and the lower limits of these parameters are formulated accordingly. By applying the unified assessment method and standard, typical cases of shale oil resource assessment are studied,including the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in the northern Songliao Basin, Triassic Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin, and Permian Lucaogou Formation in Junggar Basin. The evaluation results show that the geological resources of pure shale oil in the first member of Qingshankou Formation (Qing 1 member) are 52.23×10 8 t, with light oil ( R o>1.2%) of 11.18×1 0 8 t; The total shale oil resources in the third sub member of the seventh member of Yanchang Formation (Chang 7 3 sub member) are 66.80×1 0 8 t, among which the interlayer shale oil resources are 27.73×1 0 8 t, and the pure shale oil resources are 39.07×1 0 8 t; The total shale oil resources in Lucaogou Formation are 15.62×1 0 8 t, among which the interlayer shale oil resources are 11.99×1 0 8 t, and the pure shale oil resources are 3.63×1 0 8 t. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Yang Yang, Zheng Xingfan, Xiao Yuxiang, Lei Zhengdong, Xing Housong, Xiong Tie, Liu Mingyang, Liu Shujian, Hou Mingqiu, Zhang Yali Progress in exploration and development of high-mature shale oil of PetroChina China Petroleum Exploration    2023, 28 (3): 23-33.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2023.03.003 Abstract （753）   HTML    PDF （909KB）（23）    Knowledge map    Save Shale oil is an important strategic resource to ensure the long-term steady oil production and production growth in China.PetroChina has made significant exploration breakthroughs in Ordos, Junggar, and Songliao basins, and has discovered shale oil with various lithofacies association types. In order to ensure the steady oil production of 2×10 8 ton/a and improve the security of national energy supply,PetroChina strengthened its efforts in shale oil exploration and development in 2021 and achieved progress in four aspects: (1) The large-scale shale oil development has been conducted in Longdong area, and an integral shale oil demonstration zone has been established with a capacity of one million tons; (2) The construction of Xinjiang Jimsar and Daqing Gulong National Continental Shale Oil Demonstration Zones has been promoted, obtaining shale oil production capacity of up to one million tons in Jimsar area and opening a new chapter in pure type shale oil development in Gulong area; (3) Great efforts have continuously been made in new areas, and historic exploration breakthroughs have been achieved in several basins; (4) The theory, technology, and management have continuously been innovated, obtaining significant results in quality and efficiency improvement. On the whole, the exploration and development different types of shale oil are still in different stages, but there is still a gap to achieve the large-scale benefit development. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Wang Yongxiang, Yang Tao, Ju Xiujuan, Xu Xiaolin, Hu Xiaochun Status of proven economic recoverable oil and gas reserves in China China Petroleum Exploration    2023, 28 (1): 26-37.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2023.01.003 Abstract （734）   HTML    PDF （924KB）（13）    Knowledge map    Save Economic recoverable reserves are the core assets of oil companies. The cumulative proven oil and gas reserves in China at the end of 2005 and 2020 are compared to demonstrate the growth trend of various types of reserves. By applying evaluation indexes such as growth rates of reserves and output, economic recovery factor, economic reserve-production ratio, recovery degree, and oil (gas) recovery rate, the cumulative characteristics of proven developed reserves are systematically analyzed, showing the “four drop and two rise” trend of proven oil and gas reserves, “scissors differential” trend of crude oil reserve-production, and distinctly declined gas reserves life and fatigue increase of gas output, which support to propose the “red line” of reserve-production ratio for national natural gas energy development. The analysis shows that the proven undeveloped oil and gas reserves are characterized by large scale, high proportion, large increment, rapid increase,poor quality, long development life and large reserve assets. Based on the understanding of overall inferior proven reserves in China, it is suggested to emphasize beneficial exploration, control the quality of annually added economic recoverable reserves, accelerate the production of proved undeveloped reserves, and strengthen the dynamic reserve management. In addition, the sequence analysis of proven economic recoverable oil and gas reserves should be strengthened and the research on characteristics should be deepened, which will play an important role in establishing a reserve asset management system with the core of economic recoverable reserves and consolidating the foundation for sustainable development of Chinese oil companies. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Wang Qinghua, Yang Haijun, Li Yong, Cai Zhenzhong, Yang Xianzhang, Xie Huiwen, Chen Cai, Sun Chunyan Significant discovery and significance of oil and gas exploration Well Yetan1 of Kekeya peripheral in the Front Mountain of Southwest area of Tarim Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2024, 29 (4): 1-17.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2024.04.001 Abstract （718）   HTML    PDF （6314KB）（11）    Knowledge map    Save The Yetan1 well in Kedong tectonic belt, west Kunlun thrust belt in the front mountain of southwest area of Tarim Basin, has made a major breakthrough in the Permian Pusige Formation, marking the discovery of an important exploration successor system in southwest area of Tarim Basin. Based on the regional geological data and the field outcrop, drilling and seismic research, the reservoir-forming conditions of the Permian Pusige Formation sandstone around Kekeya are reunderstood. A new round of research holds that the upper member of Permian Pusige Formation has a semi-deep lacustrine facies source rock with an area of 1.0×10 4km 2 and a maximum thickness of 800m. The organic matter abundance is 0.89%~1.5%. The source of organic matter is mainly bacteria and algae, and the type of organic matter is mainly type II. Hydrocarbon generation potential S 1+ S 2 is 1.47-2.78mg/g. Due to the tectonic uplift of the Kunlun Mountains, the lower member of the Permian Pusige Formation in the periphery of Kekeya subdivision entered the continental sedimentary system, and the delta front and shoal shallow lake sand bar high-quality sandstone reservoirs developed in the lower submember II, withsand body thickness of 42.5-63m and sand-land ratio of 27%-47%, which are a set of widely distributed reservoirs. It is a high quality reservoir-cap association with lower submember I of Pusige Formation and upper mudstone member of Pusige Formation. According to the structural pattern analysis after drilling of Yetan 1 well, it is concluded that the Kekeya subperipheral developed two phases of Indosinian and Alpine tectonic deformation, Palaeozoic imbricated thrust, strong overthrust, trap rows and belts, and the further extrusion and uplift in the Alpine period were partially complicated, and the imbricated thrust belt formed is a favorable exploration area. According to the analysis of natural gas dryness coefficient of the Pusige Formation, the R o is 1.31%-1.42%, which is similar to the maturity phase of the source rock, indicating that the oil and gas come from the foote overlying source rock and have undergone the accumulation process of early oil and late gas, and the accumulation has the characteristics of "hydrocarbon supply by the overlying foote, new layers produce and ancient layers storage, lower layers produce and upper layers storage, transport by fault ". Through re-comprehensive analysis, it is believed that the Permian Pusige Formation traps in this area are distributed in rows, and 9 traps are found, covering an area of 307.7km 2, with 286 billion square meters of natural gas resources and 143 million tons of condensate oil. Meanwhile, several favorable exploration targets such as PT1 well, PS1 well and PS2 well are selected and have great exploration prospects. It is expected to become an important replacement field for large-scale natural gas storage and production. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Niu Shuanwen Research and application of geology and engineering integration for lowpermeability tight oil reservoirs in Shengli Oilfield China Petroleum Exploration    2023, 28 (1): 14-25.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2023.01.002 Abstract （717）   HTML    PDF （2181KB）（19）    Knowledge map    Save Shengli Oilfield has abundant low-permeability tight oil resources with various types, dominated by glutenite, turbidite and beachbar sandstone reservoirs, showing complex characteristics and leading to great challenges in improving the speed and efficiency. Therefore, it is urgent to establish a large-scale and beneficial capacity construction mode with the integration of geology and engineering. By innovating working concept, operation mechanism and key technologies, and focusing on the technical bottlenecks and cross integration points of various disciplines, Shengli Oilfield conducted multi-disciplinary collaborative research on the integration of geophysics, geology, oil reservoir and engineering, consolidated the basic comprehensive geological study, strengthened the integration of multiple disciplines, and built an integrated collaborative decision support platform. The pre drilling prediction, while-drilling monitoring and post drilling evaluation were combined to develop geology and engineering integration technology for the whole process of scheme optimization design and implementation, which supported to realize the integration of concept, responsibility, process, operation, technology and platform, and achieve the purpose of improving accuracy, timeliness, and capacity while reducing barrel oil cost. The geology and engineering integration technology enabled to realize the effective utilization of untapped reserves with various oil reservoir types. The dynamic updating of high-precision integrated oil reservoir model and the construction of multi-disciplinary collaborative decision support system are the keys to the sustainable development of geology and engineering integration. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Zhang Yu, Zhao Peirong, Gao Shanlin, Zhang Hua, Shen Baojian, Qian Keran, Wang Pengwei, Li Peng Practice and enlightenment of high-quality shale oil and gas exploration of Sinopec China Petroleum Exploration    2025, 30 (1): 15-25.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2025.01.002 Abstract （714）   HTML       Knowledge map    Save Progress and achievements of shale oil and gas exploration of Sinopec are systematically reviewed, and major measures for highquality exploration are summarized. In addition, the future research directions of shale oil and gas are proposed. In recent years, Sinopec has implemented a series of measures for the high-quality shale oil and gas exploration, covering the full chain of planning, theoretical technology,engineering and management, which are characterized by “planning guidance promoted by top-level design, technological innovation promoted by basic research, economic benefits promoted by technological iteration, and large-scale reserve increase promoted by collaborative work”. As a result, a number of leading demonstration projects have been constructed, including marine shale gas in new strata and new areas in Sichuan Basin and multi-type continental shale oil in the eastern fault basins, which vigorously promotes the high-quality and collaborative development of shale oil and gas exploration in multiple fields. In the future, Sinopec will solidify the foundation of shale oil and gas resources,strengthen confidence in shale oil and gas exploration, continue to deepen and improve the “dual enrichment” theory, pursue the concept of value leading the overall situation, adhere to the six “integrated” operation modes, promote shale oil and gas strategic breakthroughs and discoveries with high quality, and identify positions for increasing reserves and production on a large scale, so as to make greater contributions to ensuring national energy security. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Wu Yiping, Yi Chenggao, Liu Yaqian, Liu Shenaoyi, Men Ke, Sun Dufen Natural gas development strategy of international oil companies in the context of energy transition and its enlightenment China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (6): 22-31.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.06.003 Abstract （708）   HTML    PDF （882KB）（25）    Knowledge map    Save Affected by Russia-Ukraine conflicts and slow decarbonization process, the global natural gas market presents a new development trend in 2022. Based on the judgment of global natural gas price and supply and demand situation, the cost prices of LNG projects are analyzed, and the integrated development strategies of low-cost natural gas of international oil companies (IOCs) are researched. The results show that the global natural gas market is in the premium stage. The demand side is long-term bullish, while the supply side responses rapidly. The volume of long-trade nature gas contracts has significantly increased. Driven by requirements of dual carbon and cost reduction and benefits increase, the unit cost of key LNG projects of IOCs generally shows a downtrend. In the next 10 years, IOCs will continue to expand the natural gas industry chain by increasing the proportion of natural gas and LNG production, increasing the low-carbon investment and renewable energy expenditure, developing CCUS (carbon capture, utilization and storage) technology for zero carbon emissions, and building an integrated development mode of natural gas business chain. Finally, it is suggested that Chinese oil companies should continue to highlight the leading position of natural gas, increase the investment in natural gas /LNG business, build a powerful LNG project reserve, transform from the traditional integrated upstream and downstream to the integration of business chain, and reduce carbon emissions of traditional natural gas business by applying CCUS technology. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Liu Xiaobing, Wen Zhixin, Song Chengpeng, Chen Ruiyin, Liu Zuodong, Bian Haiguang, Wang Yonghua The situation and enlightenment of transnational oil and gas exploration China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (6): 1-12.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.06.001 Abstract （658）   HTML    PDF （2344KB）（23）    Knowledge map    Save Affected by the global COVID-19 and middle/low oil prices, the exploration investment has been running at a low level and the exploration workload has fallen in 2021. However, oil companies have focused on frontier exploration fields and key areas of exploration and development. Through deepening geological understanding and improving trap identification ability, the success rate of exploration has continued to be improved. Offshore exploration, especially deepwater and ultra-deepwater large discoveries, continues to emerge, and major international oil companies are responsible for the discovery of transnational giant and medium-sized oil and gas fields, which is mainly located in "one ocean, one bay and one sea" (both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico and the southern Caspian Sea). Through the analysis of deepwater and ultra-deepwater typical oil and gas fields, three characteristics are summarized. Firstly, by paying close attention to the oil and gas bearing basin, a series of pre-salt oil and gas discoveries were made in Brazil after an interval of eight years. Secondly, by accumulating knowledge and strategic return, Eni has successively found oil fields in the Cote d'Ivoire basin. Thirdly, by development first and expanding the surrounding areas, bp has found giant fields in the South Caspian Sea. In view of the practice of the major international oil companies in carrying out transnational deepwater and ultra-deepwater exploration, three enlightenments are summarized. Firstly, farming in in advance,in the way of seizing the favorable exploration domains, and flexibly farming in and farming out. Secondly, following the strategy, constantly accumulating experience and technology to steadily improve strength. Thirdly, Independent exploration, mastering key core technologies to achieve exploration efficiency. Chinese oil companies still need to seize all opportunities to actively obtain favorable exploration blocks, form effective reserves of resources, and realize the leap from "going out" to "going up" through "one transformation and three strengthening". Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Wang Xuejun, Zhou Yongshui, Peng Jun, Li Jin, Li Honglei, Wang Yaming, Zhou Kai, Chen Fan Major breakthrough of shale gas in the Jurassic Qianfoya Formation in Puguang area in the northeastern Sichuan Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (5): 52-61.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.05.005 Abstract （657）   HTML    PDF （6786KB）（11）    Knowledge map    Save High gas flow of 10. 4×10 4m 3/d has been obtained in the first shale gas exploration well Puluye 1 in Puguang area, marking a major breakthrough in shale gas exploration of the Middle Jurassic Qianfoya Formation in the northeastern Sichuan Basin. By using lab test data such as shale gas content, geochemical, petromineralogical, and reservoir characteristics, accumulation conditions and enrichment rule of shale gas in Well Puluye 1 are analyzed. The study results show that: (1) The laminated felsic clay rock of semi-deep lake facies was continuously developed in No. 3 thin layer of the first member of Qianfoya Formation in Well Puluye 1, with the average desorption gas content of 0.58 m 3/t, total gas content of 1.58 m 3/t, average TOC of 1.13%, Type Ⅱ 1-Ⅱ 2 organic matter, average R o of 2.03%, and average porosity of 3.8%,which is a sweet spot interval for shale gas exploration; (2) The high-quality shale of semi-deep lake-deep lake is the basis for shale gas enrichment; (3) The key factors for the enrichment and high production of shale gas include high intensity of hydrocarbon supply by the highover mature shale, good fluidity of gas cracked by crude oil, and high reservoir space and methane adsorption capacity of the organic pores;(4) The intensively developed High-angle fractures, bedding micro fractures and cleavage fissures support to increase the reservoir space and permeability of shale, which are important conditions for high shale gas production of Qianfoya Formation in Well Puluye 1. The above results enrich the understanding of oil and gas reservoir types, reservoir space characteristics, enrichment and high production rules of the high-over mature shale in the Jurassic Qianfoya Formation in the northeastern Sichuan Basin, which has important guiding significance for shale oil and gas exploration in the study area. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Zhang Ningning, Wang Jianjun, Wang Qing, Liu Mingming, Cao Qingchao, Li Qian, Wang Yankun, He Yuanyuan Development trends and strategies of major international oil companies in the new context China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (6): 32-40.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.06.004 Abstract （655）   HTML    PDF （575KB）（22）    Knowledge map    Save In recent years, the worldwide pandemics, geopolitical conflicts, and energy transition have been intertwined, and the petroleum industry has undergone profound changes. The development strategies of major oil companies are worthy of reference. By analyzing the fundamental dynamics and development strategies and tendencies of major international oil companies in the new context, their dynamic development features are summarized as follows: (1) International oil companies have recovered better than anticipated in the new context, but investments in traditional upstream businesses remain low while low-carbon investments continue to increase; (2) National oil corporations start to focus on low-carbon transition while actively promoting exploration and development of local resources; (3) Independent oil companies continue to reduce debts and consolidate core assets to achieve regional synergies. The study results indicate that: (1) Major oil companies gradually contract their global upstream business layout and concentrate more on their core assets and core areas; (2) Unconventional oil and gas businesses are severely impacted by energy transition strategies, and European and American oil companies are evidently differentiated; (3) International oil companies continue to increase low-carbon inves tments and take multiple measures to promote ener gy transition; (4) Vigorously develop natural gas business and expand natural gas value chain. It is recommended that Chinese oil companies should continue to increase investments in upstream business, actively acquire high-quality overseas resources to ensure energy security,strengthen their ties with national oil corporations, promote the construction of core production areas, strengthen the coordinated development of oil and gas and new energy businesses, strengthen risk management awareness, and employ economic means to escort the sustainable development. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Gao Feng, Liu Baolei, Li Maolin, Li Changxuan Global natural gas development trend and enlightenment China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (6): 13-21.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.06.002 Abstract （639）   HTML    PDF （769KB）（25）    Knowledge map    Save In 2021, the contradiction between supply and demand of natural gas in various regions around the world was prominent caused by multiple factors, such as the improved situation of the global COVID-19, slowly recovered world economy, resumed growth of energy consumption, intertwined geopolitical and financial risks, significantly risen and violently fluctuated energy prices. The global natural gas development trend is predicted by analyzing the development direction of the petroleum industry, natural gas supply and demand base level,change trend of trade volume, and natural gas reserves distribution and production change. The results show that natural gas reserves are abundant in the world, and the investment in natural gas exploration and development has rebounded driven by demand growth and price rise;The proportion of natural gas in the world energy consumption structure is increasing, which plays an important role in promoting the global energy transition; The global supply and demand of natural gas shows a pattern of “tight balance”, in which the Asia Pacific region is the major importer of natural gas, and it is expected that natural gas will surpass oil to become the world’s largest energy. In the future, it is suggested that China should actively adjust its energy strategy, enhance its linkage with the international energy market, improve the energy prices monitoring and judgement mechanism, timely adjust its foreign strategic cooperation in energy business, increase domestic investment in natural gas exploration and development, enhance multilateral international energy cooperation, and stick to the bottom line of energy security, accelerate the construction of natural gas operation system integrating “reserve increase, supply secure and price stabilization”, and improve the ability to respond to crises, so as to better cope with the challenges posed by global energy development and natural gas market fluctuations. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Wang Qinghua, Yang Haijun, Xu Zhenping, Yang Xianzhang, Li Yong, Cai Zhenzhong, Zhou Lu Major breakthrough and exploration significance of Well Ketan 1 in Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2023, 28 (2): 1-10.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2023.02.001 Abstract （614）   HTML    PDF （10186KB）（61）    Knowledge map    Save A major breakthrough has been obtained in the glutenite reservoir in the lower member of the Cretaceous Yagelem Formation in Well Ketan 1 located in Kela 2 trap of Kelasu Structural Belt in Tarim Basin, realizing the idea of “discovering another Kela gas field below Kela Gas Field”, which is of great significance to the exploration of the deep Cretaceous. The in-depth study of hydrocarbon accumulation conditions, reservoir physical properties and structural model in Well Ketan 1 is conducted, which supports to identify the hydrocarbon accumulation assemblage of “hydrocarbon supply by source rock in the Jurassic-Triassic, fractured type sandstone reservoir in Yagelem Formation,and mudstone cap rock in Shushanhe Formation” and establish a new hydrocarbon accumulation pattern of “lower generation and upper storage,vertical transport and stereoscopic accumulation” in Kelasu Structural Belt. The successful drilling of Well Ketan1 confirms that there is superior reservoir-cap rock assemblage below the Cretaceous Bashijiqik Formation in Kelasu Structural Belt, and the hydrocarbon accumulation conditions are more favorable when approaching to the deep source rock. In addition, the fault-anticline traps in Yagelem Formation are developed in rows and belts, which show great resource potential and can form a new strategic replacement area for gas exploration. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Huang Fei, Zhang Muzhen, Lei Zhanxiang, Zeng Baoquan, Wang Bin, Li Zuxin, Qu Tailai Trends of national oil companies in the context of energy transition and enlightenments China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (6): 80-87.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.06.009 Abstract （602）   HTML    PDF （486KB）（50）    Knowledge map    Save In 2021, oil and gas production of national oil companies accounted for nearly 50% of the total amount in the world. On the other hand, national oil companies are facing huge pressure of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. In order to adapt to the changing energy market,the latest performance of national oil companies in the context of energy transition is analyzed, and relevant suggestions are proposed based on China’s national conditions and the actual situation of oil and gas supply. The analysis results show that Chinese oil companies should integrate traditional energy and new energy, and gradually transfer to alternative energy resources, so as to achieve stable energy supply and sustainable development. First, the trend of decarbonization should closely be followed and carbon emission reduction requirements should strictly be complied; Second, the asset portfolio should be optimized to decentralize key risks; Third, the leadership of technological innovation should be strengthened and the CCUS industrial chain system should be built; Fourth, research and innovation should be implemented, and the development of new energy fields should be diversified. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Wang Yongxiang, Yang Tao, Xu Xiaolin, Ju Xiujuan, Hu Xiaochun Characteristics of the proved new addition economic recoverable oil and gas reserves in China China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (5): 13-26.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.05.002 Abstract （600）   HTML    PDF （1048KB）（12）    Knowledge map    Save Since 2005, the economic recoverable oil and gas reserve, a new category of reserve indicator, has been established in China. The process of the newly increased economic recoverable reserve in China and major oil companies is summarized, and the basic characteristics of the proved new addition oil and gas reserves as well as 38 newly proved large to extra-large scale oil/gas fields or blocks from the 11 th Five-Year Plan to the 13 th Five-Year Plan period in China are discussed. After analyzing the history of the proved new addition economic recoverable oil and gas reserves in China and PetroChina, the distribution and classification characteristics of reserve size, reserve abundance,porosity and permeability of reservoir and burial depth are focused. Then the proved new addition oil and gas reserves in China in the past 15 years are comprehensively evaluated by applying indicators such as finding reserve replacement ratio (FRRR) and technical/economic recovery factor. The study results show that the proved new addition oil and gas reserves have the trend of “three decreases and three increases”, that is, the decrease of FRRR, recovery factor and scale of the integrated oil/gas field, and the increase of tight reservoir, low to ultra-low abundant reserve and burial depth, indicating an overall deteriorating of the new addition oil and gas reserves in China. FRRR is an indicator that has strategic significance for the evaluation of exploration effectiveness. It is suggested to speed up the establishment of economic recoverable reserve classification system and management system adapted to the characteristics of Chinese oil companies to better apply to the petroleum exploration field and further meet the needs of reserve development and production increase. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Wang Qinhua, Yang Haijun, Cai Zhenzhong, Li Yong, Yang Xianzhang, Chen Cai, Chen Changchao Exploration breakthrough and significance of Ordovician fault controlled karst hydrocarbon reservoirs of Well Luotan1 in Maigaiti Slope of Tarim Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2024, 29 (2): 1-15.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2024.02.001 Abstract （600）   HTML    PDF （9238KB）（30）    Knowledge map    Save The Luotan1 well in the Maigaiti slope of Tarim Basin has made a new breakthrough in the Ordovician carbonate rocks, marking the first exploration breakthrough of a new type of Ordovician fault controlled karst carbonate reservoirs in the Maigaiti slope and marking the discovery of an important strategic replacement area in the slope area. Based on regional drilling, logging, seismic and other data, a comprehensive analysis of the laboratory data of well Luotan1 is carried out to further understand the reservoir formation conditions of Ordovician carbonate rocks in the Maigaiti slope. The formation of Ordovician carbonate fault controlled karst reservoirs in the Maigaiti slope is mainly related to strike slip fault activity, and is one of the three main reservoir formation models in the Maigaiti slope. At present, it has been discovered that hydrocarbon in the Maigaiti slope comes from the source rocks of the Cambrian Yuertus Formation, and the basement paleostructure controls the sedimentation and distribution of the Lower Cambrian source rocks. The slope area has three stages of hydrocarbon charging and accumulation: the Caledonian, Hercynian-Indosinian, and Himalayan periods. Hydrocarbon source rocks, paleotectonic evolution, and the faults connecting hydrocarbon source rocks control the multi-stage hydrocarbon accumulation. The fault active stages and fault penetrating layers determine the hydrocarbon enrichment layers and reservoir properties. The Maigaiti slope is characterized by well-developed Ordovician strike slip faults, with an extension distance of over 1000km, which control the distribution of fault controlled karst carbonate reservoirs and hydrocarbon reservoirs. It has clear zoning characteristics on the plane, with a large resource scale and strong deployability, demonstrating huge exploration potential. It is an important practical field for large-scale hydrocarbon exploration discovery and strategic succession in the southwestern Tarim Basin. Related Articles | Metrics

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Zhang Ruifeng, He Haiqing, Zhu Qingzhong, Fan Tuzhi, Li Xiaodong, Zhou Shang, Chen Ketong, Shi Yuanpeng, Tian Jianzhang, Li Xiaoyan, Zhang Hongwei, Qin Menghua, Li Yanyou, Li Ben, Zhao Kun Major discovery and enlightenment from petroleum exploration of Dongying Formation in Baoding Sag, Bohai Bay Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2023, 28 (2): 11-23.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2023.02.002 Abstract （591）   HTML    PDF （4231KB）（52）    Knowledge map    Save The early exploration in Baoding Sag in Bohai Bay Basin mainly targeted at the buried hill and deep Paleogene, but no substantial discovery was achieved in nearly 60 years. Based on 3D seismic acquisition and 2D seismic re-processing, the geological structure was reunderstood as a whole, and the following results were obtained: (1) In the Early-Middle Paleogene (during the deposition period of Kongdian Formation-Second member of Shahejie Formation), the fault rift activity was strong in the west and weak in the east, and the lake basin was shallow and small in sedimentary range; In the Late Paleogene (during the deposition period of the first member of Shahejie Formation-Dongying Formation), the fault rift activity was strong in the east and weak in the west, and it was a large lake basin in the maximum flooding period. (2) The organic-rich algal source rock in the saline lake basin in the lower part of the first member of Shahejie Formation experienced early and multi-stage hydrocarbon generation, forming early and low mature oil. (3) The reservoir-cap rock combination in shallow Dongying Formation is good, which is the main target layer. In addition, hydrocarbon accumulation pattern of “two-way hydrocarbon supply, hydrocarbon transport by sand and fault, and hydrocarbon enrichment in shallow formation” is constructed. As a result, several exploratory wells such as G77X and BQ1X were drilled in the optimally selected Qingyuan structural belt, and high-yield oil flows were tested in Dongying Formation,marking an exploration breakthrough in Baoding Sag, and confirming the oil and gas enrichment in shallow formation in the first row of sags in Taihang piedmont, which had reference significance for the exploration of mature oilfields in Bohai Bay Basin. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Huang Xiaoqing, He Yong, Cui Huan, Ji Yongcheng, Wang Xin, Han Yongsheng, Wang Congcong Practice and understanding of stereoscopic development of Taiyang Shallow Shale Gas Field in Zhaotong demonstration block China Petroleum Exploration    2023, 28 (2): 70-80.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2023.02.007 Abstract （583）   HTML    PDF （2529KB）（7）    Knowledge map    Save Since the large-scale development of Taiyang Shallow Shale Gas Field in Zhaotong demonstration block, there has been always problems such as low reserve production rate and low recovery factor caused by the development mode of large well spacing and single target layer, which also bring severe engineering risks for the later well pattern infill or adjustment. Therefore, pilot well group with small well spacing is deployed and implemented in Platform TYH11 for stereoscopic development of Taiyang Shallow Shale Gas Field. Based on hydraulic fracture simulation and production numerical simulation methods, the whole process evaluation of “pilot well deployment-drillingfracturing-production-production capacity” is conducted by applying geological, drilling, fracturing and production test data. The study results indicate that : (1) ClassⅠ+Ⅱ reservoir in first sub member of the first member of Longmaxi Formation (Long 11 sub member) in the Upper Ordovician Wufeng- Lower Silurian has conditions for high-yield production and basis for multi-target production in vertical; (2) The engineering technology series have been developed for the whole process of drilling, fracturing and well testing, which enable the successful implementation of stereoscopic development well groups with small well spacing; (3) The stereoscopic development mode with small well spacing supports to effectively increase the reserve production rate by 23.0% and the recovery factor by 11.0%; (4) The communication of natural fractures causes pressure channeling interference within the well group and with adjacent wells, which greatly impacts on the production of old wells; (5) The frac-hit is aggravated by the change of in-situ stress field around the adjacent old producing wells, so it is recommended to keep a well spacing of at least 380-500 m between the new well and the old well. The study results lay a foundation for the promotion and application, overall development plan design, development policy formulation, and large-scale and beneficial stereoscopic development of Taiyang Shallow Shale Gas Field in Zhaotong demonstration block. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Li Guoxin, Zhang Yongshu, Chen Yan, Zhang Guoqing, Wang Bo, Zhou Fei, Wu Zhixiong, Zhang Changhao, Lei Tao Progress, orientation and countermeasures of petroleum exploration in Qaidam Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (3): 1-19.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.03.001 Abstract （575）   HTML    PDF （2628KB）（10）    Knowledge map    Save The major discoveries and geological understanding in petroleum exploration since the 12 th Five-Year Plan period are summarized in detail. Four major changes are proposed for future petroleum exploration, i.e., from shallow formation to both deep and shallow formations, from structural to structural-lithologic traps, from clastic rock to multi-lithologic composite reservoir, and from conventional to both conventional and unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. Based on the systematic analysis of the four major petroleum systems in the basin, and combined with the main controlling factors for hydrocarbon accumulation, a total of 13 favorable oil and gas exploration orientations and 3 types of non-oil and gas minerals are identified in Qaidam Basin as in three levels of strategic preparation, strategic breakthrough and strategic deployment. In addition, the main challenges in geology, engineering technology, and management restricting petroleum exploration are systematically summarized and countermeasures are put forward, which provide support for promoting the transformation and development of petroleum exploration, improving petroleum geological theory and technology of strongly transformed basin and the continuous discovery of comprehensive resources in Qaidam Basin. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Peng Yun, Xiong Liang, Li Jia, Yi Jiexin, Li Hongwei Status and trend of global carbon pricing mechanism and its impacts on petroleum industry China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (6): 41-53.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.06.005 Abstract （567）   HTML    PDF （739KB）（36）    Knowledge map    Save In the context of promoting carbon emission reduction globally, more and more countries adopt carbon pricing tools to manage and guide carbon emission behavior through economic means. The scope of the international carbon pricing mechanism has expanded continuously, and the carbon price level and the carbon pricing income have risen significantly. However, the international carbon price level is still far below that achieving the temperature control goal in the “Paris Agreement”, and the problem of unbalanced regional development is prominent, showing that the carbon pricing mechanism is mainly implemented in European and American countries, and there is a huge gap in carbon pricing income between developed countries and developing countries. Associated with the acceleration of global climate governance,the international carbon pricing mechanism shows a strengthened trend, with steady growth in quantity and a wave like spiral rise in price level. Although developing countries have accelerated the development of emission trading system and carbon tax, it is difficult to bridge the huge gap between developing and developed countries in the short term. While developed countries have accelerated the construction of carbon border adjustment mechanism, but there is a great uncertainty in the prospects and effects. Under this circumstance, the current carbon pricing mechanism has a relatively limited impact on the petroleum industry, and resource countries prefer to adopt scientific and rational tax design to balance carbon reduction and their own development interests. The development of the international carbon pricing mechanism will promote the low-carbon transition of the petroleum industry in the future. In terms of the government level, it is suggested to strengthen national policy guidance, expand the scope of carbon trading market, build a carbon emission accounting system, as well as reasonably design the tax system.At the industry level, the impact of carbon trading on the petroleum industry should highly be attached, R&D innovation should vigorously be strengthened to promote carbon emission reduction, and the development trend of carbon pricing mechanism of foreign resource countries should closely be tracked, to actively manage carbon price risks of overseas investment projects. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Liu Guoyong, Song Yong, Mao Xinjun, Tang Yong, Guo Xuguang, Wei Yanzhao, Gong Deyu Main strategies and orientations for high-efficiency exploration in Junggar Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2024, 29 (1): 47-64.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2024.01.004 Abstract （566）   HTML    PDF （9200KB）（11）    Knowledge map    Save The petroleum exploration in Junggar Basin has entered a new stage of exploration in hydrocarbon rich sags, which faces new challenges such as increasing burial depth, more scattered and subtle exploration targets, poorer reservoir porosity and permeability, and low upgrade rate and recovery rate of reserves. It is an urgent task to improve exploration effectiveness and achieve benefit development of oil fields. The new round of integrated research and re-understanding of the basin indicates that the spatial distribution of multiple source kitchens in Junggar Basin are complementary, showing “abundant oil and rich gas”, which has broken through the traditional understanding of “abundant oil but less gas” in the basin; There are four types of large-scale effective reservoirs in hydrocarbon rich sags, with orderly distribution in lateral and superposition in vertical direction; Three types of hydrocarbon accumulation systems are identified, such as orderly accumulation of conventional and unconventional oil and gas in source rock, large-scale hydrocarbon accumulation in regressive fan delta facies glutenites above source rock, and stereoscopic hydrocarbon accumulation in medium-shallow fault-sand coupling reservoirs. In combination with the resource characteristics, new geological knowledge, adaptability of exploration and development technologies, and goal of sustainable and benefit development in Junggar Basin, strategies for high-efficiency exploration are proposed, including “simultaneous exploration of oil and gas, emphasis on both conventional and unconventional oil and gas, co-exploration of deep and shallow oil and gas, and reserve increase in multiple fields”, and three major exploration orientations and nine major exploration fields are put forward, so as to support the benefit and sustainable development of the oilfield. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Song Zhenxiang, Zhou Zhuoming, Xu Xuhui, Wang Baohua, Li Hao, Ma Zhongliang, Chen Feiran Progress of key technologies for oil and gas resource assessment of Sinopec during the 13 th Five-Year Plan period and development direction China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (3): 27-37.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.03.003 Abstract （562）   HTML    PDF （767KB）（16）    Knowledge map    Save Resource assessment is the basis for decision-making in petroleum exploration, and it is one of the important work for formulating energy development strategy and industry development plan of the government. The difficulties and characteristics of Sinopec’s new round of resource assessment against the new situations are analyzed, and the overall idea and technical framework of resource assessment during the 13 th Five-Year Plan period are demonstrated in detail. As a result, a series of oil and gas resource assessment technologies and software platforms with Sinopec’s characteristics are innovatively developed, including a complete source rock evolution simulation technology from hydrocarbon generation to expulsion and retention, “conventional-unconventional” integrated TSM basin modeling technology, shale oil and gas resources classification and evaluation technology based on maturity and pressure coefficient, “geology-economy-ecology” integrated oil and gas resource assessment technology. Furthermore, on the basis of resource assessment during the 13 th Five-Year Plan period, the key research directions of resource assessment in the future are proposed as follows: (1) 3D hydrocarbon migration and accumulation simulation technology of complex geological conditions and special types of oil and gas reservoirs; (2) Zoning schemes for various types of basins and corresponding resource calculation and splitting technology; (3) Integrated oil and gas resource assessment system based on big data and intelligent platform; (4) Comprehensive evaluation technology of oil and gas co-associated resources. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Liu Xiaobing, Dou Lirong Practice and enlightenment of deepwater petroleum exploration of international major oil companies: a case study of Guyana Stabroek block China Petroleum Exploration    2023, 28 (3): 78-89.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2023.03.007 Abstract （560）   HTML    PDF （4964KB）（124）    Knowledge map    Save In recent years, exploration breakthroughs have continuously been obtained in deepwater fields by major international oil companies. Among them, the joint venture company led by ExxonMobil has discovered 31 deepwater oil and gas fields in Stabroek block in Guyana, making it a rising star in the petroleum industry in South America and driving the exploration boom in the peripheral offshore areas. Guyana Basin spans Guyana and Suriname offshore areas. ExxonMobil’s petroleum exploration in Guyana Basin mainly experienced three stages, namely, the advanced layout in Suriname offshore area during the 1957-1982, re-exploration in Guyana Basin and long-term research in Guyana offshore area during the 1999-2015, and a series of discoveries by applying new geological understanding and seismic technologies since 2015. The exploration practice of major international oil companies in Guyana, especially the joint venture company led by ExxonMobil, shows that it is a feasible and typical way to implement risk exploration by conducting comprehensive regional geological study and applying new data to strengthen exploration confidence and introducing partners to share risks and benefits, which provides reference for Chinese oil companies in promoting overseas petroleum exploration business from “going global” to “going better”. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Hou Yuting, Yang Zhaoyu, Zhang Zhongyi, Cheng Dangxing, Li Jihong, Liu Jiangyan, Zhang Yan Geological understanding and exploration potential of shale oil in the third submember of the seventh member of Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2024, 29 (6): 17-29.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2024.06.002 Abstract （557）   HTML    PDF （9398KB）（6）    Knowledge map    Save There are abundant shale oil resources in the seventh member of Yanchang Formation (Chang 7 member) in Ordos Basin. The largescale interlayered type shale oil reserves have been discovered in the first-second sub-member of Chang 7 member (Chang 7 1-2 sub-member), marking a major breakthrough in the exploration and development of continental shale oil. However, there is a low level of systematic study and evaluation of new type shale oil in the third sub-member of Chang 7 member (Chang 7 3 sub-member). By using SEM, 2D NMR, full field fluorescent thin section, and infrared spectroscopy analysis, as well as identification and evaluation techniques such as geophysical exploration and logging, geological understanding and oil enrichment mechanisms are summarized. The analysis shows that: (1) The laminated shale is composed of felsic-rich lamina, organic-rich lamina, tuffaceous-rich lamina, and clay-rich lamina. The pore type is dominated by intergranular pores, dissolution pores, and intercrystal pores, with a porosity of 2%–10% and an oil saturation of 68%–88%. (2) The mud laminar type shale is composed of clayey felsic siltstone, clayey felsic mudstone, and felsic clayey shale. The pore type mainly includes dissolution pores, intercrystal pores, and bedding fractures, with a porosity of 2%–6% and an oil saturation of 65%–75%. (3) The crude oil generated by organicrich shale in Chang 7 3 sub-member was retained and accumulated, and also accumulated in felsic-rich siltstone after micro migration, showing hydrocarbon retention–micro migration and enrichment pattern. The predicted favorable zone of laminated type shale oil in Chang 7 3 submember is 5000 km 2, and that of mud laminar type shale oil is 1600 km 2, with predicted reserves of up to one hundred million tons, showing huge exploration potential. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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He Zhengjun, Wang Zhaoming, Fan Xingyan, Chen Xi, Li Hengxuan, Zhang Yanhong Petroleum exploration situation and cooperation prospects in Russian Arctic China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (6): 54-62.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.06.006 Abstract （555）   HTML    PDF （1100KB）（14）    Knowledge map    Save Over the past 10 years, remarkable progress has been made in petroleum exploration in Russian Arctic by adhering to self-reliance and self-improvement, as well as actively maintaining strategic focus, which further confirm the huge exploration and development potential and show promising prospects for cooperation. The systematic organization and summary of the current situation of petroleum exploration and major new achievements in Russian Arctic region enable to identify the main exploration orientation in the future and propose the relevant cooperation suggestions. The exploration activities in Russian Arctic region experienced a long history, but oil and gas discoveries were mainly concentrated in the western region; While the general survey will be dominant for a long period in the vast sea areas in the eastern region, and the substantial progress with economic benefits will hard to be made for a long time in the future; Since 2010, most of the new oil and gas discoveries have been made in the western region, with the most fruitful achievements in the South Kara Sea area; The western and central sea shelves are the key orientation for future exploration. It shows broad cooperation prospects between China and Russia in Arctic region. The cooperation on two types of assets should actively be deepened by relying on existing projects. Meanwhile, the medium and long-term goals as well as the advanced reserves of project operation capability should be prepared based on the long-term planning. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Xu Ke, Yang Haijun, Zhang Hui, Wang Zhimin, Wang Haiying, Yin Guoqing, Liu Xinyu, Yuan Fang, Li Chao, Zhao Wei Key technology and practice of the integrated well stimulation of ultra-deep tight sandstone gas reservoir in Kelasu structural belt, Tarim Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (5): 106-115.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.05.010 Abstract （553）   HTML    PDF （2685KB）（21）    Knowledge map    Save Keshen 10 gas reservoir, developed in Kelasu structural belt in Tarim Basin, is an ultra-deep tight sandstone gas reservoir, which shows complex drilling conditions, low natural production capacity and great challenge in increasing well production. In order to improve the benefits of gas exploration and development, geomechanic analysis such as the current in-situ stress field and fracture activity is conducted on the basis of geological study, which enables to determine the distribution law of the current in-situ stress field and fracture activity of Keshen 10 gas reservoir, and identify great variation in permeability of fractures with different directions. Then the fracturing results are analyzed of various well trajectories with different well types and deviations, and the geology and engineering integrated working method is proposed to guide the optimization of well trajectory design. The results show that: (1) Different from the medium-shallow gas reservoirs, well production capacity is distinctly affected by the current in-situ stress and its induced fracture activity of the ultra-deep gas reservoir, and it is indicated that low current in-situ stress and active fractures are conducive to the high production of gas wells; (2) The current in-situ stress, fracture characteristics, wellbore stability and the propagation of fracture network vary greatly in various parts of the ultra-deep reservoir, therefore,the highly deviated wells have more advantages in drilling safety, drilling rate of the low in-situ stress areas and high angle fractures, as well as better fracturing results than wertical wells, and the practice shows that the high-yield production can be obtained by a favorable wellbore trajectory when effectively dealing with the strong heterogeneity of the ultra-deep tight sandstone gas reservoir; (3) The current in-situ stress field modeling based fracture activity analysis, wellbore stability prediction and fracture network simulation are the key technologies in geology and engineering integrated fracturing engineering, which are conducive to the optimization of wellbore trajectory and optimal selection of fracturing method and intervals; (4) The geology and engineering integrated working method supports to build a bridge between geological study and engineering construction, which plays a positive role in well stimulation of ultra-deep gas reservoir and improving the benefits of ultra-deep oil and gas exploration and development. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fu Xiaodong, Chen Ya’na, Luo Bing, Li Wenzheng, Liu Ran, Wang Xiaofang, He Yuan, Gu Mingfeng, Jiang Hua Evaluation of source rocks and petroleum system of the Lower Cambrian Maidiping Formation-Qiongzhusi Formation in the Middle-Upper Yangtze region China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (4): 103-120.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.04.008 Abstract （553）   HTML    PDF （4962KB）（35）    Knowledge map    Save A set of important source rock is developed in the Lower Cambrian Maidiping Formation (∈1m)-Qiongzhusi Formation (∈1q) in the Yangtze region, which is of great significance for the petroleum exploration of the Sinian-Paleozoic. In order to clarify source rock conditions in the exploration field of the Sinian-Cambrian with sparse wells in Sichuan Basin, the systematic analysis of wells and outcrop samples, logging evaluation and seismic inversion are conducted to characterize the distribution of ∈1m- ∈1q source rocks by sequences and sections, define the boundary of petroleum system with the source kitchen of this set of source rocks, and propose the favorable exploration zones. The study results show that: (1) The total thickness of ∈1m source rocks mainly ranges in 5-200 m, and that of the high-quality source rocks is 0-100 m in the Middle-Upper Yangtze region, with the development area limited to the intracratonic and marginal rifts. (2) The total thickness of ∈1q source rocks is between 50-450 m, and that of the high-quality source rocks is in the range of 5-250 m. The ∈1q source rocks have the characteristics of “three sections”, that is, the high-quality source rocks are generally developed in the first member and lower part of the second member, while the poor-quality source rocks with low organic carbon content are developed in the third member. Among them, source rock in the first member of ∈1q has a thickness of 10-300 m, with the similar distribution characteristics to that of ∈1m, which is the product of the early transgression in the Early Cambrian. The source rock in the second member of ∈1q has a thickness of 30-200 m and a wide distribution area in the Middle-Upper Yangtze region, which is the product in the maximum transgression period. The thickness of the poorquality source rock in the third member of ∈1q ranges from several meters to tens of meters, and the distribution area is similar to that of the second member. (3) The thickness of source rocks of ∈1m- ∈1q is controlled by multiple factors, such as the distribution of intracratonic and marginal rifts, development of synsedimentary faults, paleogeomorphology at the end of the Sinian, as well as the later corrosion. (4) The Lower Cambrian source rocks show great hydrocarbon generation potential with hydrocarbon generation intensity of (20-140)×108m3/km2.There are two large-scale hydrocarbon generation centers, leading to two petroleum systems with hydrocarbon kitchen of this set of source rocks, i.e., the Sinian-Permian composite petroleum system in Deyang-Anyue intracratonic rift and the Sinian-Ordovician composite petroleum system in Chengkou-Badong-Wufeng intracratonic rift. Finally, seven favorable exploration zones are proposed in the two composite petroleum systems. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Shi Yujiang, Cai Wenyuan, Liu Guoqiang, Yuan Chao, Zhang Wei, Di Shuhua, Li Si, Wang Shaoqing Full diameter core 2D NMR characteristics of pore fluid in shale oil reservoir and evaluation method China Petroleum Exploration    2023, 28 (3): 132-144.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2023.03.011 Abstract （549）   HTML    PDF （7404KB）（27）    Knowledge map    Save How to objectively evaluate the pore fluid in shale oil reservoir and accurately measure and quantitatively characterize parameters such as oil saturation and mobile oil content in shale oil and tight oil reservoirs are key technical problems that need to be solved urgently.The vehicle-mounted mobile full diameter core NMR measurement instrument is firstly introduced in domestic to conduct on-site core testing analysis and shale oil evaluation, which supports to realize the continuous, high-precision, non-destructive and rapid NMR scanning of drilled core on well site, make up for the shortcomings of NMR logging and indoor core experiments, and fill the blank of on-site measurement technology of full diameter shale oil core in China. Based on field core description, other supporting experimental data and well testing verification, the characteristics of 2D NMR T 1- T 2 spectrum of various fluid components are systematically summarized, the change rule of T 1/ T 2 ratio of oil and water fluid signals in pores with different diameters is identified, and the pore fluid component analysis method and identification standard are established by using 2D NMR spectrum characteristics of full diameter core, which support to realize the accurate identification of pore fluid components and quantitative interpretation of fluid saturation of shale oil, tight oil and complex clastic rock reservoirs. The technology of vehicle-mounted mobile full diameter core NMR measurement has played an important role in the exploration and evaluation of Gulong shale oil in Songliao Basin, Chang 7 3 shale oil in Ordos Basin, as well as in Hetao Basin, and has widely been applied in tight oil and gas oilfields in Daqing, Changqing, Xinan, Huabei, and Xinjiang oilfields, in which good results have been achieved. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Chen Xuan, Liu Juntian, Zhang Hua, Lin Tong, Gou Hongguang, Cheng Yi, Guo Sen Accumulation Conditions of Deep tight sandstone Gas in Taipei Sag and Enlightenment and Significance of Exploration and Discovery of Yuetan 1H Well China Petroleum Exploration    2024, 29 (6): 1-16.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2024.06.001 Abstract （549）   HTML    PDF （7576KB）（9）    Knowledge map    Save Well Yuetan 1H in the Taipei Sag of the Tuha Basin made the first exploration discovery in the Badaowan Formation of the Xiaocaohu sub-sag, which achieved a comprehensive breakthrough in the exploration of the secondary sag area of the Taipei Sag and revealed the good exploration prospect of tight sandstone gas in the entire Taipei Sag area. Based on the Taipei Sag, this paper comprehensively analyzes the geological conditions of deep tight sandstone gas formation, and concludes that: (1) the development of three sets of source rocks in the Shuixigou Group provides a sufficient material basis for tight sandstone gas; (2) The development of delta front-scale sand bodies and near-coal seam sandstone dissolution pores are favorable reservoirs for deep tight gas accumulation; (3) The strata located in the lower part of the strike-slip thrust zone have good preservation conditions, which is a favorable area for tight sandstone gas enrichment. At the same time,based on the geological information obtained from the exploration and discovery of Well Yuetan 1H, the dominant accumulation conditions of Xiaocaohu sub-sag were clarified, and then the favorable geological conditions of tight gas in the entire Taipei Sag were re-understood, and it was pointed out that: (1) effective sand bodies were developed in the central area of the sub-sag; (2) The physical properties of the reservoir of the southern source sand body are better; (3) The source rock development zone with higher maturity is a favorable zone for natural gas enrichment. Based on the latest geological information and understanding, the evaluation of tight gas resources in Taipei Sag was re-carried out, and the predicted tight sandstone gas resources were 7070×10 8m 3, which was significantly higher than that in the previous period. Finally, the comprehensive evaluation selects two favorable exploration areas of tight sandstone gas in the northeast of Xiaocaohu sub-sag and north of Shengbei sub-sag. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Wu Songtao, Zhu Rukai, Luo Zhong, Yang Zhi, Jiang Xiaohua, Lin Minjie, Su Ling Laminar structure of typical continental shales and reservoir quality evaluation in central-western basins in China China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (5): 62-72.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.05.006 Abstract （544）   HTML    PDF （13793KB）（15）    Knowledge map    Save Continental shale oil has grown to be one of the major replacement fields for petroleum exploration in China. The laminar structure,a unique fabric feature of shale, significantly influences the evaluation of source rock quality, reservoir quality and engineering quality, which has attracted increasing attention for study. By taking typical organic-rich shales in saline and fresh-brackish lake basins in the central-western China as study objects, the characteristics of laminar structure are analyzed and their influence on the selection of sweet spot is discussed. The results show that: (1) The laminar structure varies in different types of lake basins, which is affected by the salinity of lake basin. The carbonate laminar is mainly developed in saline lake basin, but less in fresh-brackish lake basin; (2) The laminar structure has strong heterogeneity of sub-millimeter level. There are differences in TOC and pore structure among different laminae, and the quality of the same type of laminae varies greatly in various basins; (3) The laminar structure determines the characteristics of microscopic shale oil migration and accumulation as well as the enrichment mode of “in-situ source rock and reservoir”, and affects the retained hydrocarbon content, fluid mobility and fracturing engineering. The fine evaluation of laminar structure of continental shale and identification of the favorable lithofacies zone for high-quality shale development are the critical issues for petroleum exploration from outside to inside the source rock, which are the basis for the discovery of economic and effective resources inside the source rock and have great significance for the selection of shale oil “sweet spot area” and “sweet spot interval”. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Li Yong, Xu Ke, Zhang Hui, Huang Shaoying, Yin Guoqing, Wang Zhimin, Zeng Changmin Special geological factors in drilling engineering of ultra-deep oil and gas reservoir in Tarim Baisn China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (3): 88-98.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.03.008 Abstract （536）   HTML    PDF （1778KB）（24）    Knowledge map    Save The geological body in ultra-deep formation has high-strength energy accompanied with high pressure, high temperature, and high concentrated stress, which is prone to deformation and instability, leading to the high risk of disaster and accident. Therefore, the study of special geological factors is of great significance in drilling engineering practice of ultra-deep formation. In Tarim Basin, geological factors of the full strata in the drilling process are systematically summarized, and especially the non-target series are finely studied as the target layer. The background and occurrence environment of various geological factors affecting the ultra-deep drilling engineering are analyzed. Furthermore, the internal interaction between drilling engineering and geological factors is revealed by “sedimentary construction, tectonic transformation and sedimentary-tectonism coupling”, and the research and description methods of special geological factors are discussed. The results show that: (1) Compared with the medium-shallow oil and gas reservoirs, 95% of the drilling footage in ultra-deep well is in the non-target series, in which the drilling process directly affects the exploration and development progress; (2) Different from the medium-shallow oil and gas reservoirs, the surface conditions, complex lithology, geological trajectory, formation fluid and extremely high temperature and pressure field in ultra-deep formations are great challenges for drilling operation; (3) The systematic and scientific analysis of the special geological factors in ultra-deep drilling engineering, comprehensive understanding on oil and gas reservoir and an appropriate evaluation on well control safety risk are conducive to risk prevention and well location placement; (4) The analysis on special geological factors of the full strata further supports to construct a bridge between geology and drilling engineering, and promotes the integration of geology and engineering from concept to practice. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Hu Zhiqiang, He Qingshui, Hu Qun’ai, Huang Songwei, Li Yan, Zhao Xiaoxiang, Yang Shunhui, Xue Yuzhi, Zhang Yi, Kuang Lixin, Liang Wenlong, Liu Kuangxiao, Xiao Chao, Li Menggang, Niu Chengcheng Practice of day rate contract management system of drilling engineering in Sinopec Nanchuan and Binchang blocks China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (3): 121-131.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.03.011 Abstract （531）   HTML    PDF （4463KB）（14）    Knowledge map    Save At present, the management mode of turnkey drilling contract is generally adopted by Sinopec. In terms of the problems in high-risk wells by using this mode, such as long non-production time, long drilling cycle, low application of new technology and weak technical management of oil company, an innovative day rate management system of drilling engineering has been developed with “1 program + 1 core + 2 supporting measures + 1 platform”, which has been applied in Nanchuan block of Sinopec East China Oil & Gas Company and Binchang block of Sinopec North China Oil & Gas Company. By considering the common complex technical problems in the two blocks, such as poor drillability, low ROP, high lost circulation, and severe wellbore collapse, day rate contract management mode and technology are integrated to form a series of drilling engineering demonstration technologies, including the artificial intelligence based drilling speed up technology, measurement while drilling technology in total loss formation, low-viscosity and high shear oil-base drilling fluid system, as well as strong plugging, high inhibition, film-forming, and anti-collapse drilling fluid system, which support to solve the technical problems restricting ROP acceleration. The application in three wells in Nanchuan block of East China Oil & Gas Company and Bingchang block of North China Oil & Gas Company has delivered direct benefit of 335 million RMB, which provide reference experience for the promotion of day rate contract management system of drilling engineering in Sinopec and other domestic oil companies. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics