“源热共控”中国近海盆地石油富集规律

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 烃源岩和热作用共同控制了中国近海含油盆地石油富集与贫化程度。近海含油盆地的主要烃源岩为半深湖—深湖相泥岩，分布层位包括古新统、始新统和渐新统，以始新统为主；有机质类型为腐泥型，有机质丰度从极高到低；半深湖—深湖相泥岩规模从数千平方千米到不甚发育。这些含油盆地的地温场从高到低都有存在，主要受地壳结构控制。凹陷烃源岩和热作用之间存在“源足热足”、“源足热欠”、“源欠热足”、“源欠热欠”4种基本类型。由于各含油盆地不同凹陷的烃源岩类型、有机质丰度、规模差异巨大以及凹陷的热场差别大，烃源岩与热作用耦合类型不同，形成了生油潜力极不相同的含油盆地。渤海盆地绝大多数凹陷源足热足，且发育一批极富的生油凹陷，盆地资源潜力堪称巨大。南海北部珠江口盆地北部坳陷带和北部湾盆地诸凹陷之间及同一凹陷内部差异性大，洼陷是基本单元，诸凹陷4种耦合类型都存在，“源足热足型”凹陷数量较多，部分凹陷富生油，勘探潜力大。南黄海盆地凹陷很多，但多数凹陷源较足、热不足，深洼槽才具有较大生油潜力，盆地勘探潜力一般。北黄海盆地各古近系凹陷源不足、热不足，凹陷生油少，属于贫油凹陷，盆地古近系凹陷资源潜力较小。中国近海石油的主要勘探领域在渤海盆地，其剩余石油资源占近海的多数；南海北部大陆边缘北部近岸盆地带居次；南黄海盆地占很小部分。渤海盆地的绝大多数凹陷和南海北部近岸内带的部分凹陷是近海的石油富集区，特别是渤海盆地郯庐西凹陷带是超级富生油区。

关键词: 烃源岩, 热作用, 油气田分布, 有序性, 源热共控论

Abstract: Oil enrichment of China’s offshore oil-bearing basins is jointly controlled by hydrocarbon source rocks and geothermal heat. Major hydrocarbon source rocks in offshore oil-bearing basins include mudstone of semi-deep to deep lacustrine facies distributed in the Paleocene, the Eocene and the Oligocene, especially in the Eocene formations. These formations predominantly contain sapropelic organic matters of various degrees in enrichment. Areas of semi-deep to deep lacustrine mudstone formations may vary from very small to a few thousands of square kilometers. Predominantly controlled by crustal structures, geothermal fields in these oil-bearing basins may vary from high to low. As far as interactions between hydrocarbon source rocks and geothermal heat in depressions are concerned, there are four basic couplings: sufficient source rocks and geothermal heat, sufficient source rocks but insufficient geothermal heat, insufficient source rocks but sufficient geothermal heat and insufficient source rocks and geothermal heat. Due to significant differences in types of hydrocarbon source rocks, abundance of organic matters, scale and geothermal heat in different depressions of various oil-bearing basins, the coupling types of hydrocarbon source rocks and geothermal heat were different, and oil-bearing basins with dramatically different oil-production capacities were formed. The majority of depressions in the Bohai Basin have sufficient source rocks and geothermal heat. With a large quantity of extremely rich oil-bearing depressions developed, the Basin has huge potentials in oil production. There are significant differences in properties of depressions in northern depression belt of the Pearl River Mouth Basin in northern parts of South China Sea and those depressions in the Beibu-gulf Basin. In addition, properties within the same depression may also dramatically vary. With sub-sags as basic components, all four coupling types can be found in these depressions. The majority of depressions have sufficient source rocks and geothermal heat. Accordingly, some depressions have rich oil reserves and great potentials for exploration. There are a large quantity of depressions in the South Yellow Sea Basin, but the majority of these depressions have sufficient source rocks but insufficient geothermal heat. Under such circumstances, only the deep trenches have significant oil-production capacities. Overall exploration potential of this basin is of general level. With insufficient source rocks and geothermal heat, the Paleogene depressions in North Yellow Sea Basin are poor in oil resources. Generally speaking, the Paleogene depressions in the Basin contain minor potentials for exploration. With a large share of residual oil reserves, the Bohai Basin shall be considered as the key for future exploration operations in China’s offshore areas. Offshore basins in northern parts of continental edge in northern sections of South China Sea also contain significant reserves. The South Yellow Sea Basin contains only a small proportion of residual oil reserves. Most depressions in the Bohai Basin and some depressions in near-shore zones of northern parts of the South China Sea contain rich oil reserves. Among them, the Tanluxi Depression Belt in the Bohai Basin can be classified as super-rich oil-bearing zone.

Key words: source rock, geothermal heat, distribution of oil and gas fields, order, joint control of source rock and geothermal heat

张功成, 张厚和, 赵　钊, 唐晓音, 王　鹏, 李飞跃. “源热共控”中国近海盆地石油富集规律[J]. 中国石油勘探, 2016, 21(4): 38-53.

Zhang Gongcheng, Zhang Houhe, Zhao Zhao, Tang Xiaoyin, Wang Peng, Li Feiyue. “Joint control of source rocks and geothermal heat”-oil enrichment pattern of China’s offshore basins[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2016, 21(4): 38-53.

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