Abstract: Mining rights are the “lifeline” of oil and gas field enterprises. With the continuous efforts in mining rights management, more stringent block withdrawal mechanism, and the implementation of competitive transfer by the government, the state-owned oil and gas enterprises are facing greater competitive and reform pressure. As a result, the deep understanding of the reform trend of oil and gas mining rights management and a detailed analysis of the existing problems and challenges are of great significance for reform and management, leveraging their own advantages, and achieving high-quality development of state-owned oil and gas enterprises. On the basis of systematically summarizing the exploration history and the evolution of mining rights, the challenges and situation faced by mining rights management are analyzed, and the practice of initiatively adapting to mining rights reform and innovating management of Tarim Oilfield is demonstrated in detail. By using measures such as establishing regulations and systems, linking mining rights with exploration and development activities, finely conducting basin evaluation, and enhancing information construction, the plans for the renewal/relinquishment of mining rights upon expiration have been prepared and the strategic research on competitive transfer of mining rights has been conducted, which support to effectively stimulate stock mining rights, actively acquire new mining rights, and form a new system of mining rights management which is characterized by “evidence-based farm in, orderly withdrawal, and standardized management”.Finally, based on the practice of mining rights management, three suggestions are put forward, including encouraging exploration and discovery of the mining rights renewal policy, policy support in areas with proven reserves concentrated, and improving the coordination and management of mining rights and land use policy, so as to better support the development of domestic oil and gas business and ensure national energy security.