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Li Guoxin, Lei Zhengdong, Dong Weihong, Wang Hongyan, Zheng Xingfan, Tan Jian Progress, challenges and prospects of unconventional oil and gas development of CNPC China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (1): 1-11.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.01.001 Abstract （1713）   HTML    PDF （1156KB）（81）    Knowledge map    Save The China National Petroleum Corporation Limited (CNPC) has preliminarily achieved the large-scale production of unconventional oil and gas. However, considering its abundant resources, the output still has great potential for improvement. The exploration and development progress of unconventional oil and gas of CNPC during the 13 th Five-Year Plan period is summarized, and unconventional oil and gas development trend in the 14 th Five-Year Plan period is discussed. On this basis, the main challenges and key problems are analyzed,and strategies are put forward to promote the high-efficiency development of unconventional oil and gas of CNPC. The results show that: (1) During the 13 th Five-Year Plan period, CNPC has gradually focused on low-grade resources represented by unconventional oil and gas; (2) During the 14 th Five-Year Plan period, the proportion of unconventional oil and gas production will further increase, and production capacity in key areas will grow rapidly; (3) Four aspects of challenges, such as the technology, cost, management and idea, are faced with high-efficiency development of unconventional oil and gas. In view of the above challenges, six key countermeasures are proposed: (1) Properly understand the unconventional resources; (2) Implement the engineering management concept and mode of “one engine with six drives”; (3) Improve management rules and assessment methods; (4) Fully use the big data platform; (5) Effectively promote market-oriented business operation and socialized services; (6) Formulate rational policies for unconventional resource development. The above measures will enable CNPC to promote the high-quality development of its unconventional oil and gas business and contribute to “ensuring the rice bowl of energy firmly in our own hands” by developing the unconventional oil and gas. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Wang Haige, Huang Hongchun, Ji Guodong, Chen Changchang, Lv Zehao, Chen Weifeng, Bi Wenxin, Liu Li Progress and challenges of drilling and completion technologies for deep,ultra-deep and horizontal wells of CNPC China Petroleum Exploration    2023, 28 (3): 1-11.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2023.03.001 Abstract （611）   HTML    PDF （1246KB）（28）    Knowledge map    Save The deep, ultra-deep and unconventional resources have grown to be the major exploration and development fields for increasing reserves and production in China. Since the 13 th Five-Year Plan period, the engineering technology has continuously been researched by focusing on the key exploration and development targets in six basins (including five oil basins and three gas basins) and drilling speed acceleration difficulties, such as high temperature and high pressure formations and narrow fluid density window, and a large number of technical achievements have been obtained. For example, the key drilling and completion technologies for deep, ultra-deep and unconventional horizontal wells have been developed rapidly, forming key technologies with the core of unconventional well structure optimization, safe, highefficiency,optimal and fast drilling, high-temperature resistant drilling fluid, finely pressure-controlling drilling and completion, and expansion pipe, and a number of landmark ultra-deep wells have successfully been drilled; The equipment has been developed such as high-power top drive, integrated geo-steering system, and green economic reservoir reconstruction tool, as well as core additives such as temperature resistance high-performance drilling fluid and high-efficiency leak-proof and plugging materials have been researched, which have accelerated the lowcost,large-scale and cost-effective development of unconventional oil and gas resources. The drilling depth of deep wells exceeds 9000 m, the horizontal section length of horizontal wells is up to 5000 m, and the maximum footage of one trip drilling is 3700 m, with some indicators comparable to those in North America. The research achievements have boosted the discovery and development of large oil and gas fields such as Tarim Fuman, Sichuan Shuangyushi and Daqing Gulong, and provided powerful engineering and technical supports for improving the utilization rate and benefits of resource exploration and development. Associated with the continuous progress of petroleum exploration and development, the engineering geological risks and new challenges faced by drilling operations occur frequently. Therefore, further research is still necessary, including accurate prediction of formation pressure, optimization and expansion of wellbore structure, well trajectory control,high-temperature resistant working fluid system, high-efficiency rock breaking and speed-up tools, as well as integration of geology and engineering, so as to realize the continuous iteration and upgrading of key drilling technologies and equipment, and support the high-efficiency exploration and development of deep, ultra-deep, and unconventional oil and gas resources. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Xie Jianyong, Cui Xinjiang, Li Wenbo, Zhu Jingsheng, Wu Xiaohu, Chu Yanjie, Chen Yiwei, Tang Tao, Zhu Sijing, Wu Chengmei, Zhang Jinfeng Exploration and practice of benefit development of shale oil in Jimsar Sag,Junggar Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (1): 99-110.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.01.009 Abstract （486）   HTML    PDF （2067KB）（12）    Knowledge map    Save The shale oil reservoir in Jimsar Sag in Junggar Basin is a typical onshore unconventional shale oil reservoir with complex reservoir lithology, large differences in burial depth laterally, many interlayers vertically, thin oil layers, strong heterogeneity, high crude oil viscosity,and great difficulty in development. Major progress has been made during four stages of exploration, i.e., discovery, pilot test, breakthrough in utilization, and large-scale construction of production capacity. However, the reachability of design capacity is low, and the contradiction between cost and output of single well is prominent, showing that the low benefit is the main issue restricting shale oil development in Jimsar Sag. Since 2021, Xinjiang Oilfield Company has explored benefit shale oil development focusing on two aspects of management and technology. With regard to the main control factors for single-well production such as distribution of sweet spot shale, drilling rate of highquality reservoirs, and reservoir stimulation intensity, technical measures have been adopted, including reservoir fine characterization, shale oil mobility evaluation by NMR logging, improving the precise of borehole trajectory regulation, and increasing reservoir stimulation intensity, so as to form a mature management and technical system by integrating with market-oriented independent operation. The practice shows that the single well cost reduced by 53.4%, single well EUR increased by about 50%, and profits could be achieved at oil price US$45/bbl, which promoted the benefit development of shale oil in Jimsar Sag. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Zhao Bangliu, Yong Xueshan, Gao Jianhu, Chang Dekuan, Yang Cun, Li Haishan Progress and development direction of PetroChina intelligent seismic processing and interpretation technology China Petroleum Exploration    2021, 26 (5): 12-23.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2021.05.002 Abstract （1086）   HTML    PDF （6978KB）（66）    Knowledge map    Save During the 13th Five-Year Plan period, PetroChina has kept up with the development trend of advanced artificial intelligence and major needs in the fi eld of geophysical prospecting, planned in advance and actively deployed researches, which highly promotes the development of intelligent geophysical technology. Till now, two major technology series of intelligent seismic processing and interpretation have been developed, and intelligent seismic software platform and label data set software been released. Meanwhile, PetroChina has led an innovative “6+1” intelligent “industry-university-research institute” alliance for geophysical exploration consisting of Peking University, etc., which effectively promotes the innovation of PetroChina intelligent geophysical technology and achieves the synchronous development with the international intelligent geophysical technology. During the 14th Five-Year Plan period, PetroChina will focus on the strategy of “digital transformation and intelligent development” and clarify the development plan and direction of “123456”, so as to conform to the global energy transformation and intelligent development trend. Based on module replacement, PetroChina will actively explore process regeneration and promote the innovative development and application of intelligent seismic processing and interpretation technology. In labor-intensive scenarios, intelligent module replacement will be implemented to improve effi ciency of seismic processing and interpretation, support industrial production to improve effi ciency and reduce costs. Meanwhile, in technology-intensive scenarios, intelligent process will be regenerated to improve accuracy of seismic processing and interpretation, forming a world-class series of intelligent seismic processing and interpretation technologies, and realizing the self-reliance of intelligent geophysical exploration technology, which supports to comprehensively promote the intelligent development of geophysical business of PetroChina, ultimately achieves the intelligent petroleum exploration, and provides realtime guidance for horizontal well drilling. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Li Songquan, Wu Zhiyu, Wang Juan, Li Liang, Yang Zhuo, Wei Hongfang, Cheng Liangbing Development and application of geology and engineering integrated intelligent decision-making system of Changqing Oilfield China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (1): 12-25.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.01.002 Abstract （750）   HTML    PDF （7314KB）（7）    Knowledge map    Save Facing the pressure of the increasingly complex exploration and development objects and low oil price, Changqing Oilfield has explored and formed a new development mode of shale oil and tight gas with “horizontal well, multi series, stereoscopic, cluster wells, and factory operation” based on their geological characteristics, which enables to achieve the large-scale, high-efficiency and low-cost development of tight oil and gas resources by integrated geology and engineering. In order to better meet the business needs of integrated comprehensive study, production organization and decision-making, the construction and application of an enterprise-level geology and engineering integrated intelligent decision-making system are explored and studied against the digitization background. The design idea of a complete chain covering “research + analysis + decision making” is proposed, which deeply integrates the new generation of big data, Internet of things and artificial intelligence technology with development mode of tight oil and gas. As a result, the Geology & Engineering Integrated Decision Support System (GEDS) is developed and constructed, including key technologies such as 3D seismic data visualization, display of integrated surface and subsurface, data interface for rapid 3D geological modeling, real-time updating of geological model, etc. It has been applied in shale oil exploration and development demonstration project, realizing remote interaction between indoor and field, real-time monitoring of production process and dynamic optimization of scheme deployment. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Dou Lirong, Yuan Shengqiang, Liu Xiaobing Progress and development countermeasures of overseas oil and gas exploration of Chinese oil corporations China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (2): 1-10.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.02.001 Abstract （665）   HTML    PDF （828KB）（69）    Knowledge map    Save Since 1993, Chinese oil corporations have started the pace of “going global”, with E&P activities spreading all over the world over the past 29 years, from land to deep-water, and from conventional to unconventional oil and gas fields, growing to be the major participants of international oil and gas industry. The experience of overseas E&P is divided into four stages, i.e., exploratory stage, rapid development stage, large-scale development stage, and optimization and adjustment stage. It is now an important way to ensure the national energy security given the rising oil and gas external dependence of China. In 2020, the total overseas equity oil and gas production of CNPC, Sinopec and CNOOC was up to 167 million tons oil equivalent. Guided by the goals of “double carbon” and national energy security, it is still a major task to obtain more overseas resources. However, there are series of challenges, such as the geopolitics, shrinking exploration blocks, insufficient reserves, rapid natural decline of production, and difficulty in assets optimization. By benchmarking with the major IOCs, several strategies are proposed for Chinese oil corporations, including quickly building large-scale production areas, increasing new project acquisition, especially from the “Belt and Road” countries, conducting more reliable evaluation and being cautions in acquiring unconventional oil and gas projects, strengthening the disposal of marginal assets, so as to promote high-quality development of overseas oil and gas business. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fu Jinhua, Wang Long, Chen Xiu, Liu Jiangyan, Hui Xiao, Cheng Dangxing Progress and prospects of shale oil exploration and development in the seventh member of Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2023, 28 (5): 1-14.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2023.05.001 Abstract （1026）   HTML    PDF （8745KB）（15）    Knowledge map    Save As an important replacement resource, shale oil is a major exploration field widely concerned at home and abroad. The long-term exploration and development practice enabled to make significant breakthrough and progress in the exploration, development and research of shale oil in the seventh member of Yanchang Formation (Chang 7 member) in Ordos Basin: (1) On the basis of exploration breakthrough in the interlayered type shale oil and discovery of the first integral one-billion-ton level Qingcheng Oilfield, the large-scale and benefit development has been achieved, and a million-ton level national shale oil development demonstration zone has been constructed. (2) In the exploration of the laminated type shale oil, four types of laminated type have been classified of the fine-grained sedimentary complex for the first time, i.e., sandy lamina, tuffaceous lamina, high TOC argillaceous lamina, and medium-low TOC argillaceous lamina. The combination of sandy lamina and medium-low TOC argillaceous lamina is the optimal “sweet spot” interval of the laminated shale oil by evaluating their development scale, reservoir performance, oil-bearing property, movability, and crude oil properties. For the sweet spot interval, new logging evaluation methods such as M- N cross plot are used to finely interpret the complex lithology, and the directional perforation and cross-layer stereoscopic fracturing technology enable to achieve the spatial communication of sweet spots around the wellbore in horizontal section, forming technologies for the effective identification, prediction of sweet spots and reconstruction of the laminated type shale oil, and achieving a major breakthrough in risk exploration, with the primarily submitted predicted shale oil reserves of 2.05×10 8 t. (3) The laminar type shale oil is subdivided into two categories. The medium-high maturity organic shale can be developed by horizontal well, and relatively high TOC (4%-14%) and high S 1 content are key indicators for screening favorable sweet spots. While the medium-low maturity organic shale is the most favorable target for in-situ transformation research. The strategic breakthrough has been made in the exploration of continental shale oil in Chang 7 member in Ordos Basin, which is a milestone in China’s petroleum exploration and development history, but it still faces great challenges. For example, the large-scale and benefit development has been achieved of the interlayered type shale oil, but further research should be conducted on the prediction of sweet spots, production increase and efficiency improvement, and enhanced oil recovery. The laminated type shale oil is facing more challenges and greater difficulty in benefit utilization due to the completely different sedimentary settings, lithologic combination, reservoir space, and engineering quality from the interlayered type shale oil. Therefore, by focusing on the reserve quality and oil movability, hydrocarbon accumulation law should continuously be studied and the research on supporting technology should be strengthened. While for the laminar type shale oil with relative low level of exploration and understanding, the theoretical research and pilot test should steadily be promoted. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Liu Guoqiang Challenges and countermeasures of well logging data acquisition technology in unconventional petroleum exploration and development China Petroleum Exploration    2021, 26 (5): 24-37.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2021.05.003 Abstract （556）   HTML    PDF （3793KB）（17）    Knowledge map    Save The petroleum exploration in most of the domestic petroliferous basins has entered or will step into the stage of unconventional oil and gas exploration and development. The wireline logging technologies should be promoted to meet the development trend timely and effectively. The current situation, challenges and new requirement of logging technology in China are systematically analyzed by considering the characteristics of unconventional reservoir, oil and gas reservoir and engineering conditions. Finally, development countermeasures are proposed in detail by benchmarking international leading logging technology, which are: (1) Improve the performances of conventional wireline logging tools. The high-precision, high-resolution and high-safety conventional logging tools should be developed and put into production, with vertical resolution of 5-10 cm, density logging accuracy of 0.01-0.015 g/cm 3. The high-yield controllable neutron tube technology will enable the safe density and neutron logging without radioactive source. (2) Develop high-performance imaging logging technology. Firstly, focus on the technology of 2D NMR logging with short echo interval (no more than 0.3 ms), high vertical resolution (about 10 cm), high signal-to-noise ratio (more than 8), and simultaneous detection of longitudinal and transverse relaxation; Secondly, research fi ne calculation of mineral compositions and accurate determination of fl uid properties applicable for tight reservoirs, such as the full spectrum of elements, multi frequency dielectric log, downhole real-time fl uid analysis and pressure measurement tools, and horizontal well multiphase fl ow imaging logging technology; Thirdly, promote 3D acoustic logging technology with the capabilities of fi ne azimuth resolution and ultra-far detection to describe the stratigraphic structure near the borehole of horizontal well, fault system, and spatial distribution of hydraulic fractures. (3) Speed up the research on high-performance through-pipe logging tools. The logging items should include conventional logging, electric imaging logging and array acoustic logging. The element full spectrum logging should gradually be supplemented, with its data accuracy and vertical resolution consistent with those of wireline logging data. The density and neutron logging tools should adopt miniaturized, high-yield and controllable neutron tube technology. The miniaturization of NMR logging should be enhanced to develop through-pipe NMR logging with its technical performance matching with that of wireline logging. (4) Emphasize the research on near bit and far-detection edge LWD technology. First is to establish a complete LWD logging series including GR and resistivity azimuth imaging logging, with the distance of less than 1 m between the detection point and drill bit; Second is azimuth far-detection edge technology with radial detection range of 20-30 m and azimuth resolution of at least 90°; Third is the forward-looking detection technology that can distinguish the formation interface or fault more than 5 m in front of the bit. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fu Jinhua, Liu Xianyang, Li Shixiang, Guo Qiheng, Zhou Xinping, Yang Weiwei Discovery and resource potential of shale oil of Chang 7 member, Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2021, 26 (5): 1-11.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2021.05.001 Abstract （810）   HTML    PDF （1728KB）（27）    Knowledge map    Save The discoveries, theoretical and technical progress of shale oil exploration of the 7th member of Triassic Yanchang Formation (hereinafter referred to as Chang 7 member) are summarized during the 13th Five-Year Plan period. The resource potential is predicted, and the exploration targets are proposed during the 14th Five-Year Plan period. There are four types of shale oil in Ordos Basin, including gravity flow interlayered type, delta front interlayered type, laminar shale type and laminated shale type. Among them, a one-billion-ton-level Qingcheng Oilfield has been discovered in the central lake basin, and large-scale reserves of 5×108 t preliminarily been defined in the peripheral lake basin; In addition, promising signs have been observed in the risk exploration of laminar shale type shale oil. The study results show that high-quality source rocks supply a large amount of liquid hydrocarbon for shale oil enrichment. Multiple types of reservoir space and continuous high-pressure charging caused by hydrocarbon generation pressurization inside the source rock are the key to the large-scale oil accumulation and high yield of sweet spots. The widely developed sandy deposits in deep water areas are sweet spots for shale oil exploration. A series of supporting technologies, such as comprehensive evaluation technology of geological-engineering sweet spots, anti-collapse fast and optimal drilling and completion technology of cluster horizontal well, and “advanced energy storage and subdivision cutting” volume fracturing technology of horizontal well, are important guarantees for the discovery of large-scale shale oil reserves. The fruitful exploration results achieved during the 13th Five-Year Plan period support to strengthen the confidence in expanding the scale of gravity flow interlayered type shale oil enrichment area in the central lake basin and exploring new fields of delta front interlayered type shale oil in the peripheral lake basin. Meanwhile, new supporting technology is actively researched, so as to provide a solid resource foundation for the high-quality and rapid development of shale oil exploration of Changqing Oilfield Company. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Guo Xujie, Zhi Dongming, Mao Xinjun, Wang Xiaojun, Yi Shiwei, Zhu Ming, Gan Renzhong, Wu Xueqiong Discovery and significance of coal measure gas in Junggar Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2021, 26 (6): 38-49.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2021.06.003 Abstract （1665）   HTML    PDF （5282KB）（3）    Knowledge map    Save Based on the analysis of reservoir in coal measure strata, geochemical characteristics of natural gas, as well as the test results of CBM wells, a new type of natural gas – coal measure gas of the Jurassic Badaowan Formation and Xishanyao Formation is proposed in this study,which is different from both coalbed methane and conventional gas, and characterized by coexistence of conventional and unconventional reservoirs, symbiosis of free gas and adsorbed gas, complementary accumulation and orderly distribution of self-generated and other-source gas. Aiming at this new exploration field, Well Caitan 1H has been deployed in Cai 31 faulted anticline structure in Baijiahai Bulge with the target layer of coal seam of the Jurassic Xishanyao Formation and great discovery of coal measure gas been achieved with the highest gas production of 5.7×104 m3/d and stable gas production of 2×104 m3/d during the well test, which enables a new breakthrough in geology understanding of natural gas, opens up a new field of natural gas exploration, guides a new direction of natural gas exploration, and has a major and far-reaching significance on gas exploration in coal bearing basins. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Liu He, Tao Jiaping, Meng Siwei, Li Dongxu, Cao Gang, Gao Yang Application and prospects of CO 2 enhanced oil recovery technology in shale oil reservoir China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (1): 127-134.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.01.012 Abstract （727）   HTML    PDF （2947KB）（70）    Knowledge map    Save The development of continental shale oil in China faces the bottleneck of low production of single well, rapid decline and low ultimate recovery. Therefore, the CO 2 enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technology is necessary to be researched in advance. The development process of CO 2 EOR technology in North America is systematically analyzed, and the applicability and prospects of this technology are discussed by combining with the conditions of domestic continental shale oil resources. The result shows that the shale oil plays in China are characterized by a significant variation on crude oil viscosity, formation pressure coefficient and mineral compositions, which have distinctly different challenges for benefit development and largely different CO 2 EOR mechanisms. As a result, a targeted application index of CO 2 EOR technology is required for various shale oil plays, as well as a technical adaptability evaluation criterion. Meanwhile, efforts should be intensified in all links of field application of CO 2 EOR technology, and clear national financial support should be sought actively. Considering the technology prospects and resource conditions, it is proposed to build a pilot demonstration area for CO 2 EOR application in Jimsar shale oil block in Junggar Basin and establish an integrated technology and policy supporting system, so as to effectively promote the development of CO 2 EOR technology, ensure the domestic energy security and support to achieve the strategic goal of carbon neturality. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Li Jian, Zeng Xu, Tian Jixian, She Yuanqi, Cheng Honggang, Xie Wuren Main controlling factors of gas accumulation and exploration target of large onshore gas fields in China China Petroleum Exploration    2021, 26 (6): 1-20.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2021.06.001 Abstract （491）   HTML    PDF （2142KB）（11）    Knowledge map    Save There are various types of gas reservoirs onshore in China, which are divided into four types based on their comprehensive geological conditions and exploration potential, i.e., the ancient carbonate gas reservoir, gas reservoir in foreland thrust belt, tight sandstone gas reservoir and bedrock-volcanic rock gas reservoir. By applying the advanced geological theory and the recent exploration progress, as well as the basic gas accumulation conditions, main controlling factors for gas enrichment of different types of gas reservoir in China are systematically summarized from the aspect of key geological factors controlling hydrocarbon accumulation, so as to guide onshore gas exploration in the next step. The results show that: The marine carbonate gas reservoir is controlled by high-quality source rocks, widely developed reservoir and large-scale trap; The gas reservoir in foreland thrust belt is controlled by high-quality source rocks, reservoir-cap rock assemblage and structural trap; The tight sandstone gas reservoir is controlled by tectonic settings, pattern of reservoir-cap rock assemblage and reservoir distribution; While the bedrock-volcanic rock gas reservoir is controlled by gas generation sag, reservoir type and gas transport system. In addition, the enrichment laws of large gas fields are summarized: (1) The macro distribution of gas reservoir is determined by highquality source rocks, and large-scale gas reservoirs are generally distributed in source kitchen and its periphery; (2) The high-quality reservoirs have diversified types and are widely distributed, which significantly control the enrichment of natural gas; (3) The multi-stage cap rock deposited in stable tectonic period is a key factor for multi-stage gas accumulation; (4) The favorable area for gas accumulation is controlled by the current tectonic framework. The results indicate that the key exploration zones of different types of gas reservoirs in the next step should be focused in Sichuan Basin, Ordos Basin and Tarim Basin. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Yang Xuewen, Tian Jun, Wang Qinghua, Li Yalin, Yang Haijun, Li Yong , Tang Yangang, Yuan Wenfang, Huang Shaoying Geological understanding and favorable exploration fields of ultra-deep formations in Tarim Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2021, 26 (4): 17-28.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2021.04.002 Abstract （761）   HTML    PDF （1349KB）（11）    Knowledge map    Save Oil and gas exploration in Tarim Basin has shifted from shallow, deep to ultra-deep formations, of which the last stage began in the 1980s. After more than 30 years of exploration in ultra-deep formations, Kelasu Gasfield, Tabei Oilfield and Tazhong Condensate Gas Field have been discovered, and multiple major signs found in the Cambrian subsalt. At present, the ultra-deep oil and gas reservoirs have become an important field of increasing reserve and production, and a major exploration target in the basin. In this paper, geological understandings of ultra-deep formations are summarized from more than 30 years’ exploration practice. It is considered that the ultra-deep oil and gas reservoirs in Tarim Basin are mainly controlled by source rocks of Cambrian,Carboniferous-Permian and Triassic-Jurassic, which were deposited at the same geologic periods with three tectonic cycles of extension-compression of the basin, and the material basis of ultra-deep oil and gas reservoirs is universal in the world. Meanwhile,there are three peculiarities in petroleum geological conditions of ultra-deep oil and gas reservoirs in Tarim Basin. First, the basin experienced shallow burying for a long period and rapidly deep burying in the late stage. The ultra-deep source rocks are still able to generate hydrocarbon on a large scale, which provides hydrocarbon source for ultra-deep oil and gas reservoirs. Second,the basin is a typical “cold basin”, where the ultra-deep liquid hydrocarbon is still preserved, and the main source rocks are still in the peak of gas generation, therefore the oil and gas phases are diverse of ultra-deep formation. Third, there are great differences in hydrocarbon accumulation assemblages of ultra-deep formations in different areas, all of which can be divided into three major assemblages. Based on the new understanding of petroleum geological conditions, a comprehensive evaluation is conducted of each one. It is considered that the exploration potential of the lower and middle assemblages is huge, and eight favorable exploration areas are suggested. In view of the ultra-deep oil and gas exploration in new field and new area, the exploration idea of “expanding exploration in the middle assemblage and achieving breakthrough in the lower assemblage” is put forward to strive for a strategic breakthrough in exploration to lay resource foundation for the high-quality development of Tarim Oilfield Company. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Liang Shijun, Luo Quansheng, Kang Jilun, Li Fulei, Ma Qiang, Wang Xuechun, Peng Yazhong, Zhang Wei Breakthrough and significance of risk exploration in Well Satan 1 in Jinan Sag, Junggar Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2021, 26 (4): 72-83.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2021.04.006 Abstract （602）   HTML    PDF （13747KB）（12）    Knowledge map    Save Recently, Well Satan 1, a risk exploration well of PetroChina, obtained high yield oil flow of the Permian Jingjingzigou Formation during the well test, achieving a major breakthrough in the exploration of lithologic reservoir in Jinan Sag in the footwall of Fukang fault zone , Junggar Basin. Based on the drilling results of Well Satan 1, hydrocarbon accumulation conditions in the east segment of Fukang fault zone are systematically studied and summarized, exploration prospects evaluated, and exploration targets put forward in Jinan Sag. The study shows that Jinan Sag is separated from Jimsar Sag by a bulge, and it is an independent hydrocarbon rich sag with great exploration prospect. The thick mature source rocks are deposited, laying the material basis for large-scale hydrocarbon accumulation. Controlled by ancient landform, two sets of largescale reservoirs of Middle and Upper Permian are developed in the slope and sag area, with similar distribution pattern and large thickness,possessing the reservoir conditions for forming large-scale lithologic-stratigraphic oil and gas reservoirs. The comprehensive analysis indicates that there are mainly two types of oil reservoirs in Jinan Sag: One is shale oil and gas reservoir of self-generation and self-storage type of Lucogou Formation. Among them, shale oil is mainly accumulated in relatively stable area, and distributed extensively and continuously in the foot wall of Fukang fault zone; The shale gas is mainly accumulated in the upper wall of Fukang fault zone, where was deeply buried in the early stage and uplifted strongly in the late stage. It is characterized by structural gas reservoir at present due to the high-maturity source rocks and affected by the damage and adjustment in the late stage. The other type is conventional sandstone oil reservoir of lower-generation upperstorage or upper-generation lower-storage types configurated by source rock of Lucaogou Formation and reservoirs of the Jurassic Badaowan Formation, Triassic Jiucaiyuan Formation, and Permian Wutonggou and Jingjingzigou Formations. The Yanshanian faults play a decisive role on the accumulation of oil reservoir, with the pattern of “fault communication, lateral adjustment, lithologic reservoir dominant and fault cutting”. Well Satan 1 opens the prelude of stereoscopic exploration in the east segment of Fukang fault zone, and replacement field of multilayer system with hundred-million-ton-level, which is a major breakthrough for benefit exploration and large-scale reserve increase in the eastern Junggar Basin. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Wuxi Institute of Petroleum Geology, Sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, Sinopec Geophysical Research Institute, Sinopec Exploration Company Progress of key technologies for oil and gas resource assessment of Sinopec during the 13 th Five-Year Plan period and development direction China Petroleum Exploration    Online available: 08 April 2022

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Wang Xiaojun, Song Yong, Zheng Menglin, Ren Haijiao, Wu Haisheng, He Wenjun, Wang Tao, Wang Xiatian, Zhao Changyong, Guo Jianchen Composite petroleum system and multi-stage hydrocarbon accumulation in Junggar Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2021, 26 (4): 29-43.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2021.04.003 Abstract （539）   HTML    PDF （1905KB）（28）    Knowledge map    Save Junggar Basin is the largest and richest petroliferous basin in the northern Xinjiang area. With the deepening of exploration and more abundant of exploration data, it will provide guidance for the overall exploration deployment by re-studying the formation and distribution of oil and gas reservoirs in the basin, and identifying hydrocarbon enrichment formations of major oil and gas fields. Through the dissection of oil and gas reservoirs, recognition of effective source rocks distribution and the differences of their hydrocarbon generation potential, and combining the petroleum geological conditions and tectonic evolution in the basin, this paper carries out a systematic study on the complexity of hydrocarbon accumulation using seismic data, well data, well testing and oil-source correlation data. The results show that Junggar Basin has experienced multi cycle evolution of carboniferous marine-continental transitional facies and Permian-Cenozoic intracontinental basin. Multiple sets of structural layers, such as the Carboniferous, Middle-Lower Permian, Upper Permian—Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous and Cenozoic, are formed. Three sets of main source rocks, including the Carboniferous, Middle-Lower Permian and Middle-Lower Jurassic and three sets of regional caprocks of Middle-Lower Permian, Upper Permian-Triassic and Cretaceous are developed, forming three major petroleum systems of Carboniferous, Permian and Jurassic. The large unconformity surfaces between the top Carboniferous, Middle-Lower Permian, Middle-Lower Jurassic Badaowan-Xishanyao Formation and Jurassic and their overlying strata are identified, which control the distribution of primary oil and gas reservoirs in the three major petroleum systems. The four stages of faults developed from the Late Hercynian to Himalayan form a stereoscopic hydrocarbon transport network in the basin, and connect three petroleum systems vertically, resulting in a complex but orderly distributed oil and gas accumulation system with independent and interrelated primary and secondary oil and gas reservoirs. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Kuang Lichun, Zhi Dongming, Wang Xiaojun, Li Jianzhong, Liu Gang, He Wenjun, Ma Debo Oil and gas accumulation assemblages in deep to ultra-deep formations and exploration targets of petroliferous basins in Xinjiang region China Petroleum Exploration    2021, 26 (4): 1-16.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2021.04.001 Abstract （1206）   HTML    PDF （1953KB）（13）    Knowledge map    Save In recent years, the global petroleum exploration and development in deep formations have been accelerated and major discoveries achieved successively, proving great exploration potential of deep formations. The petroliferous basins in Xinjiang region have abundant oil and gas resources in deep to ultra-deep formations, which lays solid energy foundation and provides guarantee for China’s oil and gas strategy. However, exploration potential and targets are not clear due to the multiple exploration fields in deep formations and complex hydrocarbon enrichment law. As a result, the further identification of key exploration fields and oil and gas plays of deep to ultra-deep formations are of great significance. In this paper, geotectonic setting and its evolution in Xinjiang region are analyzed, basic petroleum geological conditions of deep formations and characteristics of oil and gas accumulation assemblages compared and studied in three major basins (Tarim, Junggar and Tuha Basins), and exploration fields of deep formations systematically studied of the three basins. By analyzing typical oil and gas reservoirs, various hydrocarbon accumulation patterns are established for different exploration fields of deep formations, and controlling factors of hydrocarbon accumulation and characteristics of oil and gas distribution further understood. The study results indicate that the hydrocarbon accumulation conditions are superior of deep formations in the Cambrian subsalt, foreland thrust belt in Kuqa Depression and piedmont area in the southwestern Tarim Basin, Permian-Triassic in the Central Depression, lower assemblage in the southern margin and shale oil of Permian in Junggar Basin, and Permian-Triassic in Taibei Sag and deep Carboniferous in Tuha Basin, which are important exploration plays to look for large-scale reserve and major breakthroughs in the future. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Wang Qinghua, Yang Haijun, Wang Rujun, Li Shiyin, Deng Xingliang, Li Yong, Chang Lunjie, Wan Xiaoguo, Zhang Yintao Discovery and exploration technology of fault-controlled large oil and gas fields of ultra-deep formation in strike slip fault zone in Tarim Basin#br# China Petroleum Exploration    2021, 26 (4): 58-71.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2021.04.005 Abstract （790）   HTML    PDF （11233KB）（17）    Knowledge map    Save The exploration of carbonate reservoir of the Lower Paleozoic in Tarim Basin has experienced an arduous process from buried hill structure, reef flat facies-controlled reservoir, interstratal karst to fault-controlled fracture-cavity type reservoir. In recent 10 years, new exploration theory and technology innovations have been achieved in the exploration field of fault-controlled oil and gas reservoirs, including: (1) innovated geological theory of hydrocarbon accumulation of fault-controlled reservoir in ultra- deep marine carbonate rocks, and hydrocarbon accumulation pattern of “continuous and large-scale reservoir development, and differential oil enrichment in different segments” in the strike slip fault zone in depression area, promoting the understandings on hydrocarbon accumulation pattern and oil enrichment law of carbonate reservoir and delivering major breakthroughs in the exploration of fault-controlled oil and gas reservoirs in strike slip fault zone in ultra-deep depression area; (2) innovated technology series of target evaluation of fault-controlled fracture-cavity type reservoirs in ultra-deep strike slip fault zone, with the focus of high-density 3D seismic acquisition and processing, identification of small-displacement and weak strike slip fault, and identification of fracture-cavity type reservoir in strike slip fault zone, and applicable supporting technologies for well drilling and completion in strike slip fault zone. Benefiting from the theoretical and technological progress, the exploration of carbonate oil and gas reservoirs has approached to the forbidden zone in depression area with depth of greater than 7500 m, identifying an exploration frontier of ultra-deep fault-controlled oil and gas reservoirs with an area of 2×10 4km 2, and discovering a giant one-billion-ton-level fault-controlled oilfield—Fuman Oilfield in ultra-deep strike slip fault zone in Central Depression of Tarim Basin. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Zhang Fuxiang, Li Guoxin, Zheng Xinquan, Wu Qi, Li Zhibin, Qi Zhang, Wang Jiutao, Zhang Lingyu Enlightenment from the post shale revolution era in North America China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (1): 26-39.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.01.003 Abstract （501）   HTML    PDF （2806KB）（473）    Knowledge map    Save The international oil price plummeted in 2014 and continued to operate at a low level. Since 2016, North America energy companies mainly engaged in shale oil and gas development have ushered in the bankruptcies. On June 28, 2020, Chesapeake Energy Company, the leader of shale oil and gas development in the United States, announced bankruptcy protection, attracting great attention of the global energy industry. The industry concerns more about whether shale oil and gas development can be sustainable, and some even regard that shale oil and gas development in North America may be a new Ponzi scheme. By summarizing the rise, development, achievements, social benefits and the reasons for the success of the American shale revolution, the shale oil and gas crisis in North America are analyzed from multiple factors which is caused by low oil prices, and the development paths and results of Chesapeake and EOG, the two typical energy companies mainly engaged in shale oil and gas development in North America are compared. Finally, the basic conditions for the sustainable development of shale oil and gas under the current low oil price environment are summarized, including high-quality oil and gas assets, cost control and profitability, positive cash flow, and investment risk control, so as to provide some enlightenment for the development of unconventional oil and gas in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Wang Ruijie, Wang Yongkang, Ma Fujian, Chen Xufeng, Liang Xiaowei, Liu Yuan, Qi Yin, Ding Li, Chen Bo, Wang Lipeng, Chai Huiqiang, Pan Yuanwei, Liu Bo, Lu Qingzhi Research and application of key technologies of geology and engineering integration for shale oil development: a case study of Chang 7 member of the Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (1): 151-163.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.01.015 Abstract （781）   HTML    PDF （7809KB）（10）    Knowledge map    Save The reservoir of Chang 7 member shale oil in Longdong area is mainly composed of interbedding layers of deep lacustrine shale and gravity-flow sandstone, which is characterized by strongly heterogeneous reservoir distribution vertically and laterally and thin single sand layer, with natural fractures developed. In view of the technical challenges in shale oil development, such as well location placement, high-efficiency well drilling and customized well stimulation, a complete set of geology and engineering integrated solution is proposed.Firstly, by applying the comprehensive geological study results, 3D fine geological and geomechanical modeling and reservoir simulation are performed, and then well location selection, well-factory platform design, well drilling and geosteering schemes optimization are implemented to ensure that the well trajectory is reasonable and applicable, reservoir penetration rate is improved while well drilling and completion time is reduced; The combined geomechanical model and reservoir simulation enable the rational fracturing design and operation; In the flowback and production stage, a pertinent scheme is designed by considering the geological, oil reservoir, geomechanical and well completion conditions for fracturing operation to achieve the maximized single well production as well as a long-term cumulative production of the well block. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Niu Shuanwen Research and application of geology and engineering integration for lowpermeability tight oil reservoirs in Shengli Oilfield China Petroleum Exploration    2023, 28 (1): 14-25.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2023.01.002 Abstract （508）   HTML    PDF （2181KB）（14）    Knowledge map    Save Shengli Oilfield has abundant low-permeability tight oil resources with various types, dominated by glutenite, turbidite and beachbar sandstone reservoirs, showing complex characteristics and leading to great challenges in improving the speed and efficiency. Therefore, it is urgent to establish a large-scale and beneficial capacity construction mode with the integration of geology and engineering. By innovating working concept, operation mechanism and key technologies, and focusing on the technical bottlenecks and cross integration points of various disciplines, Shengli Oilfield conducted multi-disciplinary collaborative research on the integration of geophysics, geology, oil reservoir and engineering, consolidated the basic comprehensive geological study, strengthened the integration of multiple disciplines, and built an integrated collaborative decision support platform. The pre drilling prediction, while-drilling monitoring and post drilling evaluation were combined to develop geology and engineering integration technology for the whole process of scheme optimization design and implementation, which supported to realize the integration of concept, responsibility, process, operation, technology and platform, and achieve the purpose of improving accuracy, timeliness, and capacity while reducing barrel oil cost. The geology and engineering integration technology enabled to realize the effective utilization of untapped reserves with various oil reservoir types. The dynamic updating of high-precision integrated oil reservoir model and the construction of multi-disciplinary collaborative decision support system are the keys to the sustainable development of geology and engineering integration. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Liu Huimin Exploration practice and prospect of shale oil in Jiyang Depression China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (1): 73-87.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.01.007 Abstract （554）   HTML    PDF （8475KB）（19）    Knowledge map    Save In Jiyang Depression, the organic rich and carbonate rich shale of semi deep-deep lake facies is developed of the Cenozoic salinized continental fault rift basin, and the shale oil is featured by medium-low and medium-high maturity, with high abundance and great resource potential, which is different from that in North American marine basins and other continental basins in China. Looking back to the shale oil exploration history for 50 years in Jiyang Depression, it can be divided into three stages, i.e., accidental discovery, active exploration and innovation breakthrough. At present, strategic achievements of multiple series and multiple types shale oil have been made in medium-maturity carbonate-rich lamina matrix type and high-maturity carbonate-rich lamina-thin layer matrix type shale in the upper part of the fourth member of Shahejie Formation in Dongying Sag and the lower part of the third member of Shahejie Formation in Zhanhua Sag, as well as major progress in low-maturity carbonate-rich lamina matrix type shale. More than 10 years’ study and exploration practice have enabled to establish the lithofacies division scheme of shale in Jiyang Depression, obtain the innovative understanding of reservoir performance, oil bearing, oil mobility and fracability of organic shale, establish a geological evaluation system including 20 parameters with the core of “four properties”,develop the supporting geological, engineering and geophysical prediction, drilling engineering and fracturing technologies, and form the integrated operation and management mode adapted to geological characteristics of Jiyang Depression, which has effectively guided shale oil exploration practice in Jiyang Depression. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Liu Xiaobing, Dou Lirong Practice and enlightenment of deepwater petroleum exploration of international major oil companies: a case study of Guyana Stabroek block China Petroleum Exploration    2023, 28 (3): 78-89.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2023.03.007 Abstract （264）   HTML    PDF （4964KB）（59）    Knowledge map    Save In recent years, exploration breakthroughs have continuously been obtained in deepwater fields by major international oil companies. Among them, the joint venture company led by ExxonMobil has discovered 31 deepwater oil and gas fields in Stabroek block in Guyana, making it a rising star in the petroleum industry in South America and driving the exploration boom in the peripheral offshore areas. Guyana Basin spans Guyana and Suriname offshore areas. ExxonMobil’s petroleum exploration in Guyana Basin mainly experienced three stages, namely, the advanced layout in Suriname offshore area during the 1957-1982, re-exploration in Guyana Basin and long-term research in Guyana offshore area during the 1999-2015, and a series of discoveries by applying new geological understanding and seismic technologies since 2015. The exploration practice of major international oil companies in Guyana, especially the joint venture company led by ExxonMobil, shows that it is a feasible and typical way to implement risk exploration by conducting comprehensive regional geological study and applying new data to strengthen exploration confidence and introducing partners to share risks and benefits, which provides reference for Chinese oil companies in promoting overseas petroleum exploration business from “going global” to “going better”. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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He Wenyuan, He Haiqing, Wang Yuhua, Cui Baowen, Meng Qi’an, Guo Xujie, Bai Xuefeng, Wang Youzhi Major breakthrough and significance of shale oil of the Jurassic Lianggaoshan Formation in Well Ping’an 1 in northeastern Sichuan Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (1): 40-49.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.01.004 Abstract （711）   HTML    PDF （3400KB）（22）    Knowledge map    Save Well Ping’an 1, located at the paleo central sag in northeastern Sichuan Basin, achieved a high shale oil production of 100 tons from Lianggaoshan Formation, indicating a major breakthrough of shale oil and gas of Lianggaoshan Formation in Sichuan Basin. Based on the exploration results in Well Ping’an 1, the main controlling factors for shale oil accumulation and exploration orientation of Lianggaoshan Formation in northeastern Sichuan Basin are systematically analyzed. The results show that the shale oil reservoir in Well Ping’an 1 is lacustrine organic rich shale and the rock type is felsic shale. The average porosity is 2.06%, dominated by intergranular pores and intracrystal pores,with micro fractures developed; TOC ranges from 0.64%-1.35%, and Type II organic matter is dominant. R o is in the range of 1.51%-1.66%.The content of brittle minerals is 50.4%-54.8%. The comprehensive evaluation indicates that the widely distributed semi deep lacustrine shale is rich in organic matter in foreland basin in northeastern Sichuan Basin, which is conducive to shale oil and gas accumulation. Among them, three layers of shale are developed in the Upper Lianggaoshan Formation, with strong hydrocarbon generation capacity and high degree of thermal evolution, which is a set of high-quality source rock as a whole; In addition, it has good preservation conditions, formation overpressure and well-developed pore-fracture system, which enable to serve as an effective reservoir and a high-efficiency production layer. The breakthrough in Well Ping’an1 shows the great exploration potential of the Jurassic lacustrine shale, and plays a positive role in accelerating shale oil exploration in Sichuan Basin. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Guo Shusheng, Liao Gaolong, Liang Hao, Peng Zhichun, Wang Shiyue Major breakthrough and signifi cance of deep-water gas exploration in Well BD 21 in Qiongdongnan Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2021, 26 (5): 49-59.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2021.05.005 Abstract （525）   HTML    PDF （7245KB）（22）    Knowledge map    Save The deep-water area of Qiongdongnan Basin has abundant oil and gas resources. A giant gas fi eld with resources of over 100 billion cubic meters has been discovered in Ledong-Lingshui Sag in the western deep-water area. While no breakthrough has been made in Baodao- Changchang Sag in the eastern deep-water area due to the great burial depth, poor reservoir physical properties and poor understanding of hydrocarbon accumulation conditions. Recently, a risk exploration Well BD21, located at the northern fault terrace zone in Baodao Sag, obtained high-yield condensate oil and gas production of 200.2m 3/d and 73.12×10 4m 3/d in the 3rd member of Lingshui Formation, which was a remarkable breakthrough in the eastern deep-water area in recent 30 years. Based on the drilling results of Well BD21, geological conditions and enrichment law of hydrocarbon accumulation are systematically summarized in the northern fault terrace zone in Baodao Sag. Study results show that a large-scale source rock of Yacheng Formation is developed with high maturity and strong capacity of hydrocarbon generation. The fault activity was weak during the two stages of hydrocarbon charging, and the tectonic evolution matched well with the timing of hydrocarbon supply. The high-effi ciency hydrocarbon migration pathways are formed by the combination of reservoir and faults which connect with source rock in both vertical and short-distance lateral directions. The regional caprock covers the whole spatial range of hydrocarbon generation, migration and accumulation, providing good sealing capacity. The northern fault terrace zone is favorable exploration target in Baodao Sag, which shows great potential of large-scale structural-lithologic oil and gas reservoirs in deep-water slope zone. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fan Tanguang, Xu Xiongfei, Fan Liang, Feng Yaqin, Liu Wenhui, Liu Juntian, Wang Meiyan, Jia Guoqiang Geological characteristics and exploration prospect of shale oil in Permian Lucaogou Formation, Santanghu Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2021, 26 (4): 125-136.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2021.04.010 Abstract （448）   HTML    PDF （7920KB）（8）    Knowledge map    Save Permian Lucaogou Formation, mainly composed of mixed fi ne-grained sediments in salinized continental lake basin, is the most important source rock in Santanghu Basin, which has favorable conditions for forming shale oil reservoir. At present, several large-scale reserve areas have been found in Malang and Tiaohu Sags. Based on the early achievements, this paper studies the existing geological data,systematically sorts out the geological conditions for forming shale oil reservoir in Lucaogou Formation, summarizes the exploration and development progress and existing problems, and discusses the exploration prospect and potential targets for the next step. The results show that: (1) The interbedded mixed fi ne-grained sediments are developed in the salinized continental lake basin; (2) High quality source rocks are widely distributed with good material basis for hydrocarbon generation; (3) “Sweet spot” reservoir is developed with good reservoir space of thick tuff and dolomite; (4) Retention hydrocarbon expulsion, near source charging, and in-situ hydrocarbon accumulation; (5) The physical properties of crude oil are complex, with high mobility shale oil developed locally; (6) The reservoir is rich in quartz, carbonate and other brittle minerals, which is conducive to reservoir fracturing. According to preliminary evaluation, the geological resources of shale oil in Lucaogou Formation are nearly 395 million tons, with great exploration potential. In recent years, a series of progress has been made in seismic prediction, logging evaluation, horizontal well drilling and completion, fracturing and other aspects through integrated and collaborative research, which has achieved good results and strengthened the confi dence of Tuha Oilfi eld Company in shale oil exploration and development.In the future, the high mature light shale oil in the western margin of Malang Sag-southern margin of Tiaohu Sag, and near source shale oil of tight sandstone in the southern margin of Malang Sag are new fi elds for shale oil exploration in Santanghu Basin. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Song Yong, Yang Zhifeng, He Wenjun, Gan Renzhong, Zhang Rong, Huang Liliang, Xu Pei, Zhao Xinmei, Chen Zhixiang Exploration progress of alkaline lake type shale oil of the Permian Fengcheng Formation in Mahu Sag, Junggar Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (1): 60-72.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.01.006 Abstract （437）   HTML    PDF （22700KB）（13）    Knowledge map    Save Junggar Basin has abundant shale oil resources and promising exploration potential of the Permian Fengcheng Formation, which is expected to be a major strategic replacement field for increasing oil reserves and production. The exploration history of the Permian shale oil in the Junggar Basin is reviewed and the geological characteristics of alkaline lake type shale oil in Muhu Sag are analyzed by using geological,core lab test, drilling, mud logging, wireline logging and seismic data. Then the geophysical evaluation methods and reservoir stimulation technologies for shale oil “sweet spot” are systematically summarized. Finally, the shale oil exploration orientation of the Permian Fengcheng Formation is put forward. The study results show that: (1) The world’s oldest and the most extensive alkaline lake type high-quality source rocks of Fengcheng Formation are developed in Mahu Sag, with the characteristics of multiple provenances mixed deposition, triple types of reservoir spaces composed of pore, fracture and stylolite, shale oil accumulation controlled by favorable lithofacies and scattered “sweet spots”. Among them, the second member of Fengcheng Formation (Feng 2 member) shows a good exploration prospect. (2) Three key technologies such as the high-resolution seismic prediction of shale oil “sweet spot area”, “three qualities” logging comprehensive evaluation of “sweet spot interval”, and supporting reservoir stimulation technology of engineering “sweet spot” are innovatively developed. As a result, the “sweet spot area” of 1200km 2 and “sweet spot interval” of 17 layers have been identified. (3) In view of the key issues in exploration, shale oil “sweet spot” of Feng 2 member is still need to be finely characterized, and the geology and engineering integrated technology be deeply researched, so as to realize the overall breakthrough and further large-scale benefit development of shale oil of Fengcheng Formation. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Xi Shengli, Liu Xinshe, Ren Junfeng, Liu Gang, Zhang Caili, Hui Xiao, Zhao Weibo, Wang Hongwei, Jing Xianghui, Dong Guodong, Wei Jiayi, Li Han New understanding of hydrocarbon accumulation and exploration potential in risk exploration field in Ordos Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2023, 28 (3): 34-48.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2023.03.004 Abstract （224）   HTML    PDF （1753KB）（6）    Knowledge map    Save In recent years, fruitful achievements have been obtained in petroleum exploration in Ordos Basin by innovating geological understanding,highlighting risk exploration, strengthening large-scale exploration, and focusing on benefit exploration, with annual output exceeding 60 million tons of oil equivalent during the 2020-2022, in which risk exploration has played an important role in the exploration of “four new” fields. Based on the previous research results and the deep analysis of hydrocarbon accumulation conditions of the Ordovician subsalt, limestone in the Permian Taiyuan Formation, and shale oil in the seventh member of the Triassic Yanchang Formation (Chang 7 member), the innovative understanding of hydrocarbon accumulation and technical achievements have been formed, including the “new gas-bearing system in the subsalt dolomite mound beach body within source rock”, “sandwiched hydrocarbon accumulation pattern of Taiyuan Formation limestone”, and “sweet spot evaluation standard and special reservoir reconstruction technology for the laminated shale oil in Chang 7 3 sub member”, which have grown to be the replacement fields during the 15 th Five-Year Plan period and in the medium-long term. Meanwhile, by highlighting the exploration concept of “marching towards source rocks,new fields, and deep formations”, the characteristics of hydrocarbon accumulation and exploration potential in zones with low exploration degree are re-recognized according to two levels of key research orientation and zone preparation, and the prospects and orientation of risk exploration fields in the future are proposed. Among them, the key research orientation refers to the zones that have promising signs and great resource potential, mainly including the Ordovician marine shale gas, lower combination of Yanchang Formation, tight gas in coal measures and the Proterozoic Great Wall System; While the zone preparation aims at zones with basic hydrocarbon accumulation conditions, but low research degree and high exploration difficulty, such as the Cambrian in the peripheral of the central paleo uplift, complex structural areas in the western basin margin, and new series of the third-second members of the subsalt Majiagou Formation (Ma 3-Ma 2 members) in the eastern basin. The new geological understanding, achievement summary, and potential analysis of the risk exploration fields will support to achieve the orderly replacement of exploration zones in the basin and play an important guiding role in accelerating the further strategic development of Changqing Oilfield. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Wang Zhaoming, Wen Zhixin, He Zhengjun, Chen Ruiyin, Shi Haocheng, Chen Xi Characteristics and enlightenment of new progress in global oil and gas exploration in recent ten years China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (2): 27-37.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.02.003 Abstract （577）   HTML    PDF （9398KB）（25）    Knowledge map    Save In the past 10 years, global oil and gas exploration experienced the double test of twice sharp falls of oil prices and “carbon neutralization”, and the exploration investment was continuously reduced; Meanwhile, the continuous development of oil and gas geological theory and exploration technology resulted in the great improvement of exploration efficiency. As a whole, global oil and gas exploration shows five remarkable characteristics: (1) The number of oil and gas discoveries has been decreasing, but the average size continuously been increasing; (2) The new discovery of natural gas has been maintained at a high level of more than 60%, growing to be a major direction of reserve growth; (3) Deep water/ultra-deep water has become the most important areas for increasing reserves, and multiple new exploration areas have been identified; (4) The new discoveries have gradually shifted from the middle-shallow formation to the deep/ultra-deep formation, and new breakthroughs have been made in the offshore area and onshore area; (5) The discoveries of giant oil and gas fields have remained at a relatively high level. The new discoveries from venture exploration in frontier areas contribute 58% of the total oil and gas discoveries, and the new reserves from rolling exploration in mature basins contribute 42% of the total reserve volume. The maturity of global oil and gas exploration is still at a medium-low level, and the exploration potential is great in the future; The frontier region is the main areas for oil and gas exploration, which should be deployed in advanced; Deep water, deep formation and natural gas areas are important exploration orientations in the future. Furthermore, it is suggested that 10 areas deserve special attention, such as the Russian Arctic, Somali offshore areas and the periphery of the Caribbean Sea. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Zhao Wenzhi, Shen Anjiang, Qiao Zhanfeng, Zhang Jianyong, Ni Xinfeng Theoretical progress in carbonate reservoir and discovery of large marine oil and gas fields in China China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (4): 1-15.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.04.001 Abstract （614）   HTML    PDF （2587KB）（18）    Knowledge map    Save Different from foreign countries, the marine carbonate rocks in China are featured by development in small craton block, old geologic age, deep burial depth, and strong transformation, and the theory and technology are faced with problems in the evaluation of oil and gas exploration potential in the intraplatform, intra-carbonate strata, platform margin and old strata in deep formations. By relying on the carbonate reservoir project of national oil and gas special projects during the 11 th and 13 th Five-Year Plan periods and CNPC Key Laboratory of Carbonate Reservoirs, the targeted theoretical and technological researches on carbonate reservoir have been conducted, and innovative understanding has been achieved in four aspects, including: (1) The rifts are generally developed in the intraplatform of small cratons and the geological knowledge of sedimentary differentiation promotes the expansion of exploration field from platform margin to the intraplatform; (2) The discovery of new types of intra-carbonate karst reservoir promotes the expansion of exploration field from the local buried hill to the broad intra-carbonate strata; (3) The deep carbonate reservoir is controlled by sedimentary facies, consolidating the large scale and predictability of reservoir, which understanding promotes the expansion of exploration field from shallow to deep formations; (4) The geological understanding of “ternary” reservoir controlling and distribution of the ancient microbial carbonate rocks promotes the expansion of new exploration fields in the Meso-Neoproterozoic and subsalt Cambrian. The above theoretical progress supports to fill the gap in the field of carbonate reservoir study at home and abroad, and is confirmed by the discovery of large oil and gas fields such as Tazhong, Lungu, Halahatang, Shunbei in Tarim Basin, and Puguang, Yuanba, and Anyue in Sichuan Basin. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Bao Hanyong, Liang Bang, Zheng Aiwei, Xiao Jialin, Liu Chao, Liu Li Application of geology and engineering integration in stereoscopic exploration and development of Fuling shale gas demonstration area China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (1): 88-98.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.01.008 Abstract （441）   HTML    PDF （6181KB）（21）    Knowledge map    Save The geological conditions of Fuling marine shale gas in Sichuan Basin are different from that in North America. Therefore, the development mode of large-scale, high-density and continuous well drilling applied in North America is not applicable to Fuling shale gas field. In view of the difficulties of fine characterization of the remaining resources after the primary well pattern development of the lower gas layer, low production rate of remaining resources and imperfect technology to improve the ultimate technically recoverable reserves (EUR) of old wells, the idea of geology and engineering integration is proposed suitable for stereoscopic development of Fuling marine shale gas. During the implementation of shale gas development, the multi-disciplinary knowledge such as remaining gas distribution, drilling and completion,fracturing and production has systematically been summarized, and a set of geology and engineering integrated technology series been formed, including geology modeling and numerical simulation integrated reserve production evaluation technology, integrated stereoscopic development and well adjustment optimization technology, integrated drilling and completion supporting engineering technology, which has effectively guided the high-efficiency stereoscopic exploration and development of Fuling marine shale gas. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Liang Xing, Zhang Jiehui, Zhang Hanbing, Xu Zhengyu, Zhang Dongtao, Zhu Douxing Major discovery and high-efficiency development strategy of shallow shale gas:a case study of Taiyang shale gas field China Petroleum Exploration    2021, 26 (6): 21-37.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2021.06.002 Abstract （339）   HTML    PDF （6496KB）（7）    Knowledge map    Save In order to find out the gas occurrence conditions and controlling factors for high yield well of shallow shale gas in complex structural zone in the peripheral Sichuan Basin, expand exploration field of shale gas in mountainous area and achieve the high-efficiency development of shallow shale gas in southern China, PetroChina Zhejiang Oilfield Company has conducted reexamination on old wells,fracturing and testing on shallow shale gas wells in Zhaotong demonstration area, and obtained a new understanding that a “3D sealing box” is formed jointly by roof/floor cap rocks of shallow shale gas and self-sealing of shale reservoir. By considering the geological and surface conditions, an operation technology of integrated geology and engineering for shale gas in mountainous area has been implemented, which achieved a major discovery and commercial development of the first shallow shale gas field in China. The study results show that the sweet spots, gas enrichment and high production of shallow shale gas are controlled by “multi-factor coupling”, that is, shale gas accumulation is controlled by lithofacies, deformation intensity in the tectonic reconstruction period and sealing capability in the gas accumulation period.The shale burial depth, formation dip, denudation intensity and fluid potential jointly control the occurrence of shale gas. Specially, it is proposed that the “dynamic balance of shale gas accumulation and dispersion” is the key factor for the effective occurrence and enrichment of shallow shale gas of Taiyang gas field, which is complemented by slow gas dispersion owning to the shale self-sealing preservation and bed parallel super-short distance gas migration and accumulation. After the verification by field practice, three major countermeasures have innovatively been formed for high-efficiency development of shallow shale gas, including refinement of development and evaluation units of gas field, integrated drilling deployment and optimization, and personalized design of drilling platform, as well as the economical and practical technology series for drilling, fracturing and production. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Tian Han, Wang Guiwen, Duan Shufu, Xin Yongguang, Zhang Hao Reservoir characteristics and exploration target of the Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation in Sichuan Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2021, 26 (5): 60-73.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2021.05.006 Abstract （344）   HTML    PDF （2672KB）（7）    Knowledge map    Save The Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation is a major strategic replacement fi eld for petroleum exploration of PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gas Field Company in Sichuan Basin. The exploration situation is changing, and the rule of reservoir distribution in basin scale is necessary to be identifi ed, so as to provide guidance for gas exploration in the near future. The lithofacies paleogeography within sequence framework is further understood and reservoir characteristics are comprehensively analyzed by using a large number of core samples, well logging, seismic and outcrop data. The results show that: (1) It was a limited platform environment in Sichuan Basin during the deposition of Leikoupo Formation. The formation is subdivided into four tertiary sequences, and the favorable reservoirs are mainly developed in L1 1(1st sub-member of the 1st member of Leikoupo Formation), L33 and L43 sub-members of transgressive system tract; (2) The paleogeographic pattern of “one subsag and two uplifts” during the deposition of Leikoupo Formation controlled the distribution of beach reservoir, in which it was composite superimposed in the piedmont of Longmen Mountain in the western basin while it was migration superimposed of themarginal beach body of gypsum salt lake in the eastern basin; (3) There are two types of reservoirs of Leikoupo Formation, i.e., the faciescontrolled reservoir and karst reservoir. The former is dominated by grain beach dolomite and microbial dolomite, which is mainly developed in the basin margin and paleo highs inside the basin, while the latter is developed in the superimposed area of favorable facies zones and karst residual mounds. Finally, the favorable exploration targets are proposed by comprehensively considering source rocks, reservoir types and trap conditions, including grain beach dolomite and microbial dolomite reservoirs of L3 and L4 members in Jiange-Jiangyou-Mingshan area, beach dolomite reservoirs of L1 member in Ziyang-Nanchong area and the western margin of Luzhou paleo uplift, and karst reservoir in central Sichuan region. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Guo Qiulin, Bai Xuefeng, He Wenjun, Fan Liyong, Wang Jian, Jiang Wenya, Liu-Zhuang Xiaoxue, Chen Ningsheng Shale oil resource assessment methods, parameter standards and typical case studies China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (5): 27-41.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.05.003 Abstract （549）   HTML    PDF （11212KB）（19）    Knowledge map    Save Given the strong heterogeneity of continental shales in China, small element volumetric method should be adopted for resource assessment of interlayer shale oil and small element volume method for pure shale oil. The fitting relationship curve between S 1 and TOC as well as relationship curve between light hydrocarbon recovery coefficient and R o are established to obtain the original S 1 content. In addition,four key parameters for the evaluation of pure shale oil resources ( S 1, TOC, R o and shale thickness) and another three for interlayer shale oil resources (cumulative thickness of shale interlayer, porosity and oil saturation) are determined, and the lower limits of these parameters are formulated accordingly. By applying the unified assessment method and standard, typical cases of shale oil resource assessment are studied,including the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in the northern Songliao Basin, Triassic Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin, and Permian Lucaogou Formation in Junggar Basin. The evaluation results show that the geological resources of pure shale oil in the first member of Qingshankou Formation (Qing 1 member) are 52.23×10 8 t, with light oil ( R o>1.2%) of 11.18×1 0 8 t; The total shale oil resources in the third sub member of the seventh member of Yanchang Formation (Chang 7 3 sub member) are 66.80×1 0 8 t, among which the interlayer shale oil resources are 27.73×1 0 8 t, and the pure shale oil resources are 39.07×1 0 8 t; The total shale oil resources in Lucaogou Formation are 15.62×1 0 8 t, among which the interlayer shale oil resources are 11.99×1 0 8 t, and the pure shale oil resources are 3.63×1 0 8 t. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Guo Yidong, Ma Jianguo, Yu Yang, He Xiaomei, Li Jun Research and practice of energy effi ciency data fusion of oil and gas enterprises China Petroleum Exploration    2021, 26 (5): 38-48.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2021.05.004 Abstract （305）   HTML    PDF （3972KB）（37）    Knowledge map    Save There many deficiencies of the existing information system of oil and gas enterprises, such as the inconsistent data standards,the scattered sources of energy effi ciency data, redundant data construction, and diffi culties in data circulation. By analyzing the causes and formulating countermeasures, a multi-source data fusion model and method are developed based on various verifi cation rules for different energy effi ciency metadata, realizing the actual application and feasibility verifi cation of energy effi ciency data fusion, which makes active progress for the subsequent construction of a fusion system of oil and gas production and energy effi ciency management. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Niu Chengmin, Yu Haibo, Hu Anwen, Ye Tao, Qin Dehai, Hua Xiaoli, Liang Shuyi Main controlling factors of natural gas accumulation and favorable exploration target in Bozhong Depression, Bohai Bay Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2021, 26 (6): 152-164.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2021.06.011 Abstract （344）   HTML    PDF （17746KB）（156）    Knowledge map    Save In recent years, major breakthroughs have been made in natural gas exploration in Bozhong Depression in Bohai Bay Basin, where is an important area for natural gas exploration in the future. The gas reservoir characteristics and the main controlling factors of natural gas accumulation are systematically summarized, and natural gas resource potential and exploration targets are identified in Bozhong Depression in Bohai Bay Basin by using 3D seismic, wireline logging, mud logging, and geochemical lab test data. The results show that the gas reservoirs in Bozhong Depression are mainly accumulated in the Archean metamorphic rocks buried hills, the Lower Paleozoic carbonate buried hills and the Cenozoic Paleogene glutenite reservoirs. The CO2 content of natural gas reservoirs varies greatly. The condensate gas is characterized by low CO2 content, while the dry gas is high CO2 content. The formation of large natural gas reservoir is jointly controlled by multiple factors. The late rapid maturation and high intensity gas generation of mixed source rocks are the material basis, and the multi type, large-scale and high-quality reservoir is the key to the formation of large-scale gas reservoir. The thick and over pressured mudstone caprock is the guarantee for the formation of large and medium-sized natural gas reservoir. The study indicates that buried hill and  the Cenozoic glutenite reservoir covered by thick and over pressured mudstone caprock are the favorable exploration targets in Bozhong Depression. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fan Tanguang, Xu Xiongfei, Fan Liang, Feng Yaqin, Liu Wenhui, Liu Juntian, Wang Meiyan, Jia Guoqiang Geological characteristics and exploration prospect of shale oil in Permian Lucaogou Formation, Santanghu Basin China Petroleum Exploration    Online available: 23 June 2021

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Wang Yongxiang, Yang Tao, Ju Xiujuan, Xu Xiaolin, Hu Xiaochun Status of proven economic recoverable oil and gas reserves in China China Petroleum Exploration    2023, 28 (1): 26-37.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2023.01.003 Abstract （378）   HTML    PDF （924KB）（8）    Knowledge map    Save Economic recoverable reserves are the core assets of oil companies. The cumulative proven oil and gas reserves in China at the end of 2005 and 2020 are compared to demonstrate the growth trend of various types of reserves. By applying evaluation indexes such as growth rates of reserves and output, economic recovery factor, economic reserve-production ratio, recovery degree, and oil (gas) recovery rate, the cumulative characteristics of proven developed reserves are systematically analyzed, showing the “four drop and two rise” trend of proven oil and gas reserves, “scissors differential” trend of crude oil reserve-production, and distinctly declined gas reserves life and fatigue increase of gas output, which support to propose the “red line” of reserve-production ratio for national natural gas energy development. The analysis shows that the proven undeveloped oil and gas reserves are characterized by large scale, high proportion, large increment, rapid increase,poor quality, long development life and large reserve assets. Based on the understanding of overall inferior proven reserves in China, it is suggested to emphasize beneficial exploration, control the quality of annually added economic recoverable reserves, accelerate the production of proved undeveloped reserves, and strengthen the dynamic reserve management. In addition, the sequence analysis of proven economic recoverable oil and gas reserves should be strengthened and the research on characteristics should be deepened, which will play an important role in establishing a reserve asset management system with the core of economic recoverable reserves and consolidating the foundation for sustainable development of Chinese oil companies. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Wu Yiping, Yi Chenggao, Liu Yaqian, Liu Shenaoyi, Men Ke, Sun Dufen Natural gas development strategy of international oil companies in the context of energy transition and its enlightenment China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (6): 22-31.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.06.003 Abstract （506）   HTML    PDF （882KB）（17）    Knowledge map    Save Affected by Russia-Ukraine conflicts and slow decarbonization process, the global natural gas market presents a new development trend in 2022. Based on the judgment of global natural gas price and supply and demand situation, the cost prices of LNG projects are analyzed, and the integrated development strategies of low-cost natural gas of international oil companies (IOCs) are researched. The results show that the global natural gas market is in the premium stage. The demand side is long-term bullish, while the supply side responses rapidly. The volume of long-trade nature gas contracts has significantly increased. Driven by requirements of dual carbon and cost reduction and benefits increase, the unit cost of key LNG projects of IOCs generally shows a downtrend. In the next 10 years, IOCs will continue to expand the natural gas industry chain by increasing the proportion of natural gas and LNG production, increasing the low-carbon investment and renewable energy expenditure, developing CCUS (carbon capture, utilization and storage) technology for zero carbon emissions, and building an integrated development mode of natural gas business chain. Finally, it is suggested that Chinese oil companies should continue to highlight the leading position of natural gas, increase the investment in natural gas /LNG business, build a powerful LNG project reserve, transform from the traditional integrated upstream and downstream to the integration of business chain, and reduce carbon emissions of traditional natural gas business by applying CCUS technology. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Zhao Wenzhi, Zhu Rukai, Zhang Jingya, Yang Jingru Classification, exploration and development status and development trend of continental shale oil in China China Petroleum Exploration    2023, 28 (4): 1-13.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2023.04.001 Abstract （404）   HTML    PDF （970KB）（6）    Knowledge map    Save By comprehensively analyzing the current classification scheme of shale oil at home and abroad, and comparing the exploration and development history, shale oil reserves and output status, and production performance of horizontal wells in China and the United States, the differences in geological conditions, resource quality, recoverability, economy and scale of shale oil between the two countries are analyzed. It is proposed to define the continental shale oil zones in China by using the nomenclature of “geographical location + shale oil” or “geographical location + stratigraphic unit + shale oil”. Furthermore, the shale oil types are classified according to two levels: Firstly, the shale oil is divided into three types based on the sandstone-to-formation ratio (the ratio of source rock to reservoir) or sedimentary facies zones, namely tight oil type shale oil, transitional type shale oil, and pure shale oil; Then the pure shale oil is further subdivided into medium-high mature shale oil and medium-low mature shale oil, or in another way, it is subdivided into light oil, thin oil, heavy oil, and viscous oil zones based on the maturity or oil properties. For the medium-high mature continental shale oil targets, efforts should be focused on the evaluation of enrichment zones/intervals in high-pressure zones, as well as trial production, and research on optimal production technology before 2025, so as to reduce costs to the maximum extent and improve initial single-well production and cumulative output. It is estimated that the annual shale oil output in China will be 600×104t to 1000×10 4t. During the 2025-2035, technology will be further upgraded and optimized to reduce costs, and the annual shale oil output is expected to be 1200×10 4t to 1500×10 4t, growing to be a major supplement to crude oil production with an annual capacity of 2×10 8t/a. As for medium-low mature shale oil, pilot test on the in-situ conversion of shale oil in Chang 7 3 sub-member in Ordos Basin is focused at present; At around 2030, the critical equipment and core technologies will be localized hopefully, and the large-scale and commercial development of shale oil will be achieved, with an annual shale oil output of ten millions of tons. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics