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Zhang Gongcheng,Li Youchuan,Liu Shixiang and Zhao Zhao “Co-Control of Source Rock and Heat ” in Orderly Distribution of “Near-shore Oil and Far-shore Gas ” in China ’s Offshore and Adjacent Area    Abstract （1710）   HTML       Knowledge map    Save China ’s offshore and adjacent area experienced five basin-forming stages since the end of Mesozoic, leading to development of a number of Cenozoic basins. Source rocks in the region were developed in Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene and Miocenes. Types of source rocks include nomareine, transitional, and marine facies. Source rocks of nonmarine facies refer to mudstones of semi-deep lacustrine facies and limnetic faices. Source rocks of transitional facies include coal beds, coaly mudstones and dark mudstones. Marine source rocks include terrigenous marine and pure marine facies. Source rocks in the East China Sea, northern South China Sea and western South China Sea are dominated by semi-deep lacustrine facies in near-shore area and transitional to marine facies in far-shore area. Source rocks in southern South China Sea are featured by transitional to marine facies in both near-shore and far-shore area. Geothermal flux in China ’s offshore and adjacent area increases from near-shore area to far-shore area, and formation overlying source rocks get thicker from near-shore area to farshore area. Because of co-control of source rock and heat, the near shore is distributed mainly with oil and the far shore distributed with gas in China ’s offshore and adjacent area. The near-shore belt extends from Bohai Bay Basin via southern Yellow Sea Basin, depression belt in northern Pearl River Mouth Basin, Beibu Bay Basin, Hanoi depression of Yingge Sea Basin, western part of Zhongjiannan Basin, western part of Wan ’an Basin, Mekong Basin, Balinjian depression of Zengmu Basin, and central and southern parts of Brunei-Sabah Basin northeastward to eastern part of Palawan Basin. This is a huge oil-generating belt with billions of tons of discovered oil reserves. The far-shore belt includes East China Sea Basin, Taixi Basin, Taixinan Basin, southern part of Pearl River Mouth Basin, Qiongdongnan Basin, Yingzhong depression of Yingge Sea Basin, southeastern part of Zhongjiannan Basin, southeastern part of Wan ’an Basin, Kangxi depression of Zengmu Basin, northern part of Brunei-Sabah Basin, and northern Palawan Basin. This is a huge natural gas generating belt with the discovered natural gas reserves accumulated to trillions of cubic meters. Currently, China ’s offshore area is located mainly in the structural trap domains of the mature zones, the structural trap domains of the middle and shallow layers and biological reefs in particular. Exploration of compound traps and lithologic traps is under the preliminary stage. There is a broad prospect for exploration of new series of strata and new types. There are a lot of new exploration area in China ’s offshore area. A number of basins and depressions with great potential for resources are at low degree of exploration. The deepwater zone of the far-shore belt, in particular, is predicted to have a great potential for exploration. Related Articles | Metrics

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Zhao Wenzhi, Shen Anjiang, Qiao Zhanfeng, Zhang Jianyong, Ni Xinfeng Theoretical progress in carbonate reservoir and discovery of large marine oil and gas fields in China China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (4): 1-15.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.04.001 Abstract （1136）   HTML    PDF （2587KB）（28）    Knowledge map    Save Different from foreign countries, the marine carbonate rocks in China are featured by development in small craton block, old geologic age, deep burial depth, and strong transformation, and the theory and technology are faced with problems in the evaluation of oil and gas exploration potential in the intraplatform, intra-carbonate strata, platform margin and old strata in deep formations. By relying on the carbonate reservoir project of national oil and gas special projects during the 11 th and 13 th Five-Year Plan periods and CNPC Key Laboratory of Carbonate Reservoirs, the targeted theoretical and technological researches on carbonate reservoir have been conducted, and innovative understanding has been achieved in four aspects, including: (1) The rifts are generally developed in the intraplatform of small cratons and the geological knowledge of sedimentary differentiation promotes the expansion of exploration field from platform margin to the intraplatform; (2) The discovery of new types of intra-carbonate karst reservoir promotes the expansion of exploration field from the local buried hill to the broad intra-carbonate strata; (3) The deep carbonate reservoir is controlled by sedimentary facies, consolidating the large scale and predictability of reservoir, which understanding promotes the expansion of exploration field from shallow to deep formations; (4) The geological understanding of “ternary” reservoir controlling and distribution of the ancient microbial carbonate rocks promotes the expansion of new exploration fields in the Meso-Neoproterozoic and subsalt Cambrian. The above theoretical progress supports to fill the gap in the field of carbonate reservoir study at home and abroad, and is confirmed by the discovery of large oil and gas fields such as Tazhong, Lungu, Halahatang, Shunbei in Tarim Basin, and Puguang, Yuanba, and Anyue in Sichuan Basin. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Wang Haige, Huang Hongchun, Ji Guodong, Chen Changchang, Lv Zehao, Chen Weifeng, Bi Wenxin, Liu Li Progress and challenges of drilling and completion technologies for deep,ultra-deep and horizontal wells of CNPC China Petroleum Exploration    2023, 28 (3): 1-11.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2023.03.001 Abstract （1942）   HTML    PDF （1246KB）（115）    Knowledge map    Save The deep, ultra-deep and unconventional resources have grown to be the major exploration and development fields for increasing reserves and production in China. Since the 13 th Five-Year Plan period, the engineering technology has continuously been researched by focusing on the key exploration and development targets in six basins (including five oil basins and three gas basins) and drilling speed acceleration difficulties, such as high temperature and high pressure formations and narrow fluid density window, and a large number of technical achievements have been obtained. For example, the key drilling and completion technologies for deep, ultra-deep and unconventional horizontal wells have been developed rapidly, forming key technologies with the core of unconventional well structure optimization, safe, highefficiency,optimal and fast drilling, high-temperature resistant drilling fluid, finely pressure-controlling drilling and completion, and expansion pipe, and a number of landmark ultra-deep wells have successfully been drilled; The equipment has been developed such as high-power top drive, integrated geo-steering system, and green economic reservoir reconstruction tool, as well as core additives such as temperature resistance high-performance drilling fluid and high-efficiency leak-proof and plugging materials have been researched, which have accelerated the lowcost,large-scale and cost-effective development of unconventional oil and gas resources. The drilling depth of deep wells exceeds 9000 m, the horizontal section length of horizontal wells is up to 5000 m, and the maximum footage of one trip drilling is 3700 m, with some indicators comparable to those in North America. The research achievements have boosted the discovery and development of large oil and gas fields such as Tarim Fuman, Sichuan Shuangyushi and Daqing Gulong, and provided powerful engineering and technical supports for improving the utilization rate and benefits of resource exploration and development. Associated with the continuous progress of petroleum exploration and development, the engineering geological risks and new challenges faced by drilling operations occur frequently. Therefore, further research is still necessary, including accurate prediction of formation pressure, optimization and expansion of wellbore structure, well trajectory control,high-temperature resistant working fluid system, high-efficiency rock breaking and speed-up tools, as well as integration of geology and engineering, so as to realize the continuous iteration and upgrading of key drilling technologies and equipment, and support the high-efficiency exploration and development of deep, ultra-deep, and unconventional oil and gas resources. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fu Jinhua, Dong Guodong, Zhou Xinping, Hui Xiao, Dan Weidong, Fan Liyong, Wang Yonggang, Zhang Haitao, Gu Yonghong, Zhou Guoxiao Research progress of petroleum geology and exploration technology in Ordos Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2021, 26 (3): 19-40.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2021.03.003 Abstract （1608）   HTML    PDF （36312KB）（128）    Knowledge map    Save Ordos Basin is the second largest sedimentary basin in China, which has abundant oil and gas resources and broad exploration prospect. In recent two decades, growth in oil and gas reserves and production is the fastest in Ordos Basin, and now it is the largest oil and gas producing basin and the largest natural gas producing region in China. Through more than 50 years of research, Changqing Oilfield has innovated five petroleum geological understandings, including “shale oil of continental freshwater lake basin, large delta of inland depression lake basin, Jurassic paleogeomorphic oil reservoir group, continental tight sandstone gas, and Ordovician karst paleogeomorphic natural gas”. Moreover, three technology series have been developed in terms of “3D seismic exploration in loess plateau, logging identification and evaluation technology of low-permeability tight oil and gas layers, and volume fracturing of low-permeability tight reservoir”. As a result, four billion-ton-level large oil regions and three trillion-cubic-meter-level large gas regions have been discovered, contributing a lot to the national energy and resource security and providing important experience and reference for the exploration of similar basins at home and abroad. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Du Jinhu, He Haiqing, Yang Tao, Li Jianzhong, Huang Fuxi, Guo Bincheng and Yan Weipeng Progress in China ’s Tight Oil Exploration and Challenges China Petroleum Exploration

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Shi Yujiang, Liu Guoqiang, Zhong Jibin, Wang Juan, Zhang Wenjing Development and application of intelligent logging interpretation system based on big data#br# China Petroleum Exploration    2021, 26 (2): 113-126.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2021.02.012 Abstract （2161）   HTML    PDF （3683KB）（49）    Knowledge map    Save Artificial intelligence technology has been used in well logging interpretation for a long time, but there are more researches on single model interpretation and less on application of system integration. Nowadays, large-scale application of cloud computing, big data and artificial intelligence technology has promoted the intelligent development of logging interpretation once again. Based on the data lake of multidisciplinary data fusion, intelligent interpretation module is developed in the logging interpretation software. That is, the intelligent logging interpretation method is introduced into the traditional interpretation process to assist logging analysts to quickly mine the hidden high-value information. Big data governance tools are used to connect data lake to intelligent model, so that big data and intelligent algorithm are integrated. The system integrates intelligent interpretation model based on big data with traditional professional software and builds an intelligent logging interpretation environment based on geological map navigation, realizing intelligent logging interpretation working mode with integration of geology and reservoir,strengthening the ability of complex reservoir evaluation, and improving the working efficiency. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Li Luguang, He Haiqing, Fan Tuzhi, Liu Henian, Yang Tao, Wan Lunkun, Huang Fuxi, Li Zhi Oil and Gas Exploration Progress and Upstream Development Strategy of CNPC China Petroleum Exploration    2020, 25 (1): 1-10.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2020.01.001 Abstract （2985）   HTML    PDF （3561KB）（35）    Knowledge map    Save In recent years, the China National Petroleum Corporation (hereinafter referred to as CNPC) has made 13 major breakthroughs and new strategic discoveries and formed 10 large hydrocarbon provinces with reserves of over 100 million tons by following the principle of efficient exploration relying on domestic and expanding overseas markets. . Based on important domestic and foreign exploration progress since the beginning of the ‘13th Five-Year Plan’ period, and in view of the current situation and requirements at home and abroad, comprehensive analysis of the oil and gas resources situation in the CNPC mining rights blocks, the development potential of remaining resources and the challenges faced by the upstream business has been carried out. This has also clarified the general train of thought and strategic targets of CNPC's upstream business for the future: CNPC will adhere to steady development guidelines and high-quality development goals, and will implement strategies to find more oil and gas resources, the domestic upstream segment will reinforce exploration and development by focusing on the seven major basins, paying equal attention to oil and gas resources, and putting conventional and unconventional resources on an equal footing, the strategic target is to achieve annual newly increased proven petroleum geological reserves of more than 1.1 billion tons of oil equivalent in the period from 2019 to 2025, and to achieve oil and gas production of 220 million tons of oil equivalent by 2025; In overseas markets, CNPC will focus on conventional oil and gas resources, optimize the development of five cooperation zones (Central Asia-Russia, the Middle East, Africa, the Americas, and Asia-Pacific) and expand the scale of ‘Belt and Road’ cooperation. Five measures have been proposed to ensure the realization of these strategic targets, which include reinforcement of domestic exploration and development, implementation of high-quality and efficient development overseas, promotion of scientific and technological innovation, deepening of reform and management innovation, and strengthening of the fostering of high quality talent teams specializing in petroleum exploration and development. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Xie Yuhong China National Offshore Oil Corporation: Major achievements in oil and gas exploration during the “13th Five-Year Plan” period and prospects for the “14th Five-Year Plan” period#br# China Petroleum Exploration    2021, 26 (1): 43-54.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2021.01.004 Abstract （2276）   HTML    PDF （1634KB）（1773）    Knowledge map    Save During the “13th Five-Year Plan” period, China National Offshore Oil Corporation (hereinafter referred to as CNOOC) implemented a national energy development strategy action plan. The plan promoted the integration of exploration, development, and production in unconventional oil and gas in both domestic exploration and the company’s overseas development business. New domains and new strata were actively explored, with good exploration results and low operating costs. Proven reserves and production increased rapidly, creating a new situation in offshore oil and gas exploration. CNOOC has carried out scientific research on exploration theories and key technologies, and developed a series of innovative understandings of hydrocarbon accumulation mechanisms for stratigraphic-lithologic, high-temperature and high-pressure (HTHP), deep buried hill, and deep-water oil and gas reservoirs. Meanwhile, the company has tackled problems in key technologies such as offshore seismic exploration in mid-deep layers, efficient drilling in complex strata, and practical equipment for offshore exploration. Major exploration breakthroughs have been made in multiple regions of various geological types, including the buried hills of the Bohai Bay Basin, the deep-water area of the Qiongdongnan Basin, the Yangjiang and Huizhou Sags of the Pearl River Mouth Basin, and onshore tight gas in the eastern margin of the Ordos Basin. Recoverable reserves from overseas exploration rights have steadily increased, and an initial strategic plan for the overseas business has been developed. During the “14th Five-Year Plan” period, risk exploration will be strengthened and key technologies for deep formations, deep water high-temperature and high-pressure fields, and lithologic reservoirs studied continuously. Exploration fields and targets are constantly being expanded. The overseas business adheres to the principle of “efficient exploration”, highlighting strategic core areas and striving to obtain more and better-quality reserves. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Zhang Ningning,He Dengfa,Sun Yanpeng and Li Haowu Distribution Patterns and Controlling Factors of Giant Carbonate Rock Oil and Gas Fields Worldwide    Abstract （1675）   HTML       Knowledge map    Save Giant carbonate rock oil and gas fi elds are those whose reservoirs are made mainly of carbonate rock. Based on the statistical fi gures, at the end of 2012, a total of 1021 giant oil and gas fi elds were found worldwide, of which 321 ones were giant carbonate rock oil and gas fi elds. By means of statistical analysis, assessment of resources and sedimentology, this paper theoretically analyzes 226 giant carbonate rock oil and gas fi elds, focusing on their geographical locations, strata distribution, scale and buried depth of reservoirs, and types of traps. The analysis indicates that carbonate rock reservoirs are distributed mainly in the Persian Gulf Basin, the Gulf of Mexico Basin, Sirte Basin, Pre-Caspian Basin, North Slope of Alaska in the United States, Permian Basin, Sichuan Basin and Tarim Basin. Of those areas, the oil and gas resources of carbonate rock reservoirs are accumulated mainly in the Upper Paleozoic , Jurassic System, Cretaceous System, Paleogene System and Neogene System. Giant carbonate rock oil and gas fi elds can be classifi ed mainly as biological reef, grain beach, dolomite, unconformity and weathering crust. Usually they are large in scale, with a buried depth of less than 3000 meters. However, the reservoirs with a large buried depth are mostly dolomite and high-pressure limestone. Based on the research on distribution patterns and accumulations of giant carbonate rock oil and gas fi elds, it is found that the current geophysical locations and vertical distribution of giant carbonate rock oil and gas fi elds are controlled by the carbonate rock plane and distribution of strata. The palaeoclimate and palaeolatitude controlled formation of hydrocarbon source rock and development of carbonate rock. The palaeostructure and its development controlled the scale of carbonate rock reservoirs and oil and gas abundance. The sedimentary diagenesis controlled reservoir functions of giant carbonate rock oil and gas fi elds while favorable source-reservoir-cap assemblage holds the key to formation of giant carbonate rock oil and gas fi elds. Related Articles | Metrics

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Qi Lixin Oil and gas breakthrough in ultra-deep Ordovician carbonate formations in Shuntuoguole uplift, Tarim Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2016, 21 (3): 38-51.   Abstract （1864）   HTML    PDF （2481KB）（1086）    Knowledge map    Save The Shuntuoguole uplift in the Tarim Basin was formed in the middle stage of Caledonian. In the early stage of Early Cambrian, the Yuertusi Formation slope-shelf facies source rocks were formed. During the Early Cambrian-Middle Ordovician, carbonate sedimentary formations with thickness up to 3000 m were developed, and multiphase sea level fluctuation contributed to the formation of exposed karst reservoirs. Meanwhile, during the Caledonian-Hercynian, multiphase faulting activities occurred, which were favorable for fracture development and fluid reformation to form multiple types of reservoirs. The very thick mudstones deposited during the Late Ordovician can act as regional cap rocks. In the Shuntuoguole uplift, a complete source-reservoir-cap-rock assemblage exists in the Lower Palaeozoic, suggesting it a prospect of hydrocarbon accumulation. The oil and gas exploration at the earlier stage focused on the Shaya and Katake uplifts, while the deeply-buried Shuntuoguole uplift was not thoroughly understood. Further basic studies reveal that the Shuntuoguole uplift is in the low geothermal environment for a long term. During the Himalayan, the Lower Cambrian source rocks were generating condensate oil-natural gas, implying the favorable conditions for the formation of large oil and gas fields with late-stage accumulation. The Cambrian – Middle-Lower Ordovician carbonate rocks are the most important targets. Based on the seismic technology R&D for ultra-deep zones in desert areas, targets were selected for well drilling. Great breakthrough has been made. A giant oil and gas field in the Shuntuoguole uplift is taking shape. It is promising to realize a continuous oil and gas pattern in central and northern Tarim Basin. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Li Guoxin, Zhu Rukai Progress, challenges and key issues in the unconventional oil and gas development of CNPC China Petroleum Exploration    2020, 25 (2): 1-13.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2020.02.001 Abstract （3938）   HTML    PDF （1070KB）（259）    Knowledge map    Save Since the beginning of the 21st century, discoveries of global unconventional oil and gas have entered an active period. Production of tight oil/shale oil has increased rapidly, shale gas has continued to grow, tight gas and Coal Bed Methane (CBM) have been stable, and breakthroughs have been obtained in early production tests of natural gas hydrate (NGH). In recent years, significant progress has been made in exploration and development of unconventional oil and gas in China. The production of shale gas, tight oil, and tight gas have been increasing rapidly, and the exploration and development of shale oil have risen to a national strategic level. Tight oil and shale oil resources in the mining-rights blocks of the China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) are abundant. Recently, exploration discoveries and breakthroughs have been made in 11 blocks, and several large-scale productivity blocks have been preliminarily established. Pilot tests of in-situ conversion of shale oil with medium-low maturity have been carried out in the Ordos Basin, and the continental shale oil revolution is being actively promoted. Currently, external dependence on oil and gas is high in China, and demand is strong. However, due to the complicated geological conditions of continental facies, large-scale benefit development of unconventional oil and gas still faces a series of challenges in geological evaluation, sweet spot prediction, drilling and completion, oil and gas production technologies, economic evaluation, and management. In order to achieve benefit exploration and development of the unconventional oil and gas resources of CNPC, key issues should be focused on and diligently addressed, such as whole life cycle management, integration operation, big data application, appropriate production allocation strategy, technology and cost, marketization, and so on, to promote high-quality development in the unconventional oil and gas industry and thereby ensure national energy security. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Zhao Wenzhi, Jia Ailin, Wei Yunsheng, Wang Junlei, Zhu Hanqing Progress in shale gas exploration in China and Prospects for future development China Petroleum Exploration    2020, 25 (1): 31-44.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2020.01.004 Abstract （2796）   HTML    PDF （783KB）（47）    Knowledge map    Save Shale gas exploration and development in China has entered a golden age of rapid progress. The increasing proportion of natural gas in the energy consumption structure of the nation, and the success of commercial shale gas development in the southern Sichuan Basin, indicate that shale gas will be the most reliable succession energy source for the future in China. This paper reviews achievements in theoretical understanding and technologies related to shale gas development over the past 10 years, summarizes successful experiences in commercial shale gas development, and clarifies the prospects for, and status of, shale gas in future natural gas development in China. China's shale gas resources have enormous potential, and provide a practical base for future growth in natural gas production. The conditions for obtaining industrial shale gas resources are described as ‘2 highs’ (high gas content and high porosity), ‘2 larges’ (large thickness of intervals with high TOC and large distribution areas), ‘2 moderates’ (moderate thermal evolution and moderate burial depth), and ‘2 goods’ (good preservation conditions and good fracability). Marine shale gas in China is of the highest potential, and at present is the major objective for natural gas production growth. Exploitation of the Ordovician Wufeng Formation and Silurian Longmaxi Formation shale gas in the Sichuan Basin and its surroundings has relied on developments in six technology areas: comprehensive geological evaluation; development optimization; fast drilling of horizontal wells; volume fracturing of horizontal wells; factory-like operation, and efficient and clean production. The successful achievement of commercial development of shale gas in China can be summarized as stemming from four key factors: ① optimized horizontal section targets; ② supporting technologies for effective and fast drilling and volume fracturing stimulation; ③ geological and engineering integration, and ④ advanced organization and management. Three proposals for the future development of shale gas in China are: ① to develop key technologies and equipment for low-cost development of non-marine and deep marine shale gas; ② to enhance block-scale shale gas recovery and achieve efficient development of the entire Sichuan basin; ③ to pay attention to the influence of non-resource factors on shale gas production. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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He Haiqing, Fan Tuzhi, Guo Xujie, Yang Tao, Zheng Min, Huang Fuxi, Gao Yang PetroChina: Major achievements in oil and gas exploration during the 13th Five-Year Plan period and development strategy for the 14th Five-Year Plan#br# period#br# China Petroleum Exploration    2021, 26 (1): 17-30.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2021.01.002 Abstract （2815）   HTML    PDF （4733KB）（1166）    Knowledge map    Save During the 13th Five-Year Plan period, PetroChina made a number of significant achievements in geological theory and technological innovation, as well as breakthroughs and discoveries in oil and gas exploration and reserve increase, etc. This paper reviews and summarizes the company’s oil and gas exploration achievements and theoretical and technological progress during the 13th Five-Year Plan period and proposes development ideas and strategies for the 14th Five-Year Plan period. During the 13th Five-Year Plan period, PetroChina highlighted an innovative resource strategy, emphasizing efficient exploration, increasing risk exploration in new areas and new fields, concentrating exploration on key areas in major basins and fields, and strengthening integrated geological and targeted research. A series of innovative geological theories and understandings were developed and improved,including hydrocarbon accumulation in conglomerate reservoirs in sag areas, hydrocarbon accumulation in large-scale lithologic reservoirs in shallow water delta, “three paleo” controlling oil reservoirs in marine carbonate rocks, “fault karst” controlling the formation of oil and gas reservoirs in strike-slip fault areas, hydrocarbon accumulation in deep foreland thrust belts, “four elements” controlling shale oil reservoirs, “three elements” controlling the accumulation and enrichment of shale gas reservoirs,and “three elements” controlling the formation of deep volcanic rock gas reservoirs. A series of exploration and evaluation technologies were developed, such as 3D seismic acquisition, processing and interpretation technology for “double high” and “double complex” areas, drilling and completion technology for deep and ultra-deep formations, well testing technology for deep wells, and volume fracturing technology for long horizontal wells. During the 13th Five-Year Plan period, 34 major breakthroughs were made in the exploration fields of lithologic-stratigraphic reservoirs, marine carbonate rocks, foreland thrust belts, shale oil and gas, mature exploration areas and volcanic rocks in the Sichuan, Tarim, Junggar, Ordos, Songliao, Bohai Bay and other major basins. The historic long-term high-level growth of oil and gas reserves has laid a resource foundation for steadily increasing in oil production and rapid growth in natural gas production. During the 14th Five-Year Plan period, PetroChina will scientifically plan its strategic direction and the focus of oil and gas exploration to promote continuous large-scale increase of conventional oil and gas reserves and rapid development of unconventional resources in six major basins and five fields. The company will accelerate the implementation of large-scale increases in oil and gas reserves, actively prepare strategic replacement areas and major replacement fields, and consolidate the resource foundation for the company’s ongoing high-quality development. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Li Guoxin, Lei Zhengdong, Dong Weihong, Wang Hongyan, Zheng Xingfan, Tan Jian Progress, challenges and prospects of unconventional oil and gas development of CNPC China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (1): 1-11.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.01.001 Abstract （2697）   HTML    PDF （1156KB）（161）    Knowledge map    Save The China National Petroleum Corporation Limited (CNPC) has preliminarily achieved the large-scale production of unconventional oil and gas. However, considering its abundant resources, the output still has great potential for improvement. The exploration and development progress of unconventional oil and gas of CNPC during the 13 th Five-Year Plan period is summarized, and unconventional oil and gas development trend in the 14 th Five-Year Plan period is discussed. On this basis, the main challenges and key problems are analyzed,and strategies are put forward to promote the high-efficiency development of unconventional oil and gas of CNPC. The results show that: (1) During the 13 th Five-Year Plan period, CNPC has gradually focused on low-grade resources represented by unconventional oil and gas; (2) During the 14 th Five-Year Plan period, the proportion of unconventional oil and gas production will further increase, and production capacity in key areas will grow rapidly; (3) Four aspects of challenges, such as the technology, cost, management and idea, are faced with high-efficiency development of unconventional oil and gas. In view of the above challenges, six key countermeasures are proposed: (1) Properly understand the unconventional resources; (2) Implement the engineering management concept and mode of “one engine with six drives”; (3) Improve management rules and assessment methods; (4) Fully use the big data platform; (5) Effectively promote market-oriented business operation and socialized services; (6) Formulate rational policies for unconventional resource development. The above measures will enable CNPC to promote the high-quality development of its unconventional oil and gas business and contribute to “ensuring the rice bowl of energy firmly in our own hands” by developing the unconventional oil and gas. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Li Xiu Classifications and Establishment of SPE Reserve China Petroleum Exploration    2010, 15 (4): 52-56,9,10.   Abstract （718）   HTML       Knowledge map    Save With the development of international oil exploration of SINOPC abroad, some technological specifications relevant to oil and gas exploration need to be in line with international standards. Among of this, it gets more urgent and necessary to establish reserves specifications. In recent years, Chinese companies have required that reserve estimation be implemented for all foreign-related oil fields as per SPE. Therefore, understanding and extending SPE reserves specifications is an important task in oil and gas explorations nowadays. Through analysis and research on documents related to SPE, this paper gives a detailed description to the concept relevant to oil reserves, classifications and applications, illustrates the applied conditions for SPE reserves classifications with some examples, and clarifies the reserves classifications and principles for different reservoirs based on SPE specifications Related Articles | Metrics

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Shi Yujiang, He Yufei, Wan Jinbin, Guo Xiaokai, Yu Hongguo, Yang Renjie Research on logging evaluation methods for geological quality and gas content of deep coal measure gas China Petroleum Exploration    2024, 29 (4): 128-145.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2024.04.010 Abstract （897）   HTML    PDF （4993KB）（9）    Knowledge map    Save The deep coal measure gas is one of the key exploration and production targets in the field of unconventional oil and gas exploration,which has gradually grown to be a major source of natural gas resources in China. Compared with medium-shallow coalbed methane (CBM)reservoirs, the deep coal measure gas reservoirs are characterized by more complex gas occurrence and geological characteristics. For example,in B block in Ordos Basin, the deep coal measure gas shows higher gas content, better coal structure, poorer reservoir physical properties, and higher reservoir temperature, pressure, and formation water salinity than that in middle-shallow formations. The geological characteristics of deep CBM have systematically been analyzed, which support to summarize the typical logging response characteristics of coal seams, such as low density, low GR, high neutron, high acoustic time difference, and high resistivity, and achieve the identification of coal reservoir; After analyzing the different logging response characteristics of various coal structures, some logging parameters have optimally been selected to establish coal structure factors applicable for the target area and classify coal structure types; Based on experimental results and combined with logging response characteristics of target interval, a porosity logging interpretation model has been established by using variable matrix parameters of coal rocks; Based on the experimental data, the correlation between logging response and macerals has been analyzed, as well as that between macerals, which supports to construct a proximate component logging evaluation model in the target area; After conducting geological quality parameters evaluation such as coal seam identification, maceral calculation, and coal structure classification, the conventional and NMR-isothermal adsorption combined gas content evaluation technology has been developed to calculate both free gas and adsorbed gas in deep coal reservoirs, providing guarantees for the calculation of deep coal measure gas resources and reserves; Furthermore, with the aim of further improving the exploration efficiency and development benefits of deep coal measure gas, logging suggestions and technical research directions for the evaluation of deep coal reservoir have been proposed, so as to meet the goal of high-quality development of the deep coal measure gas industry. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Xie Guiqi, Lin Hai, Liu Shiduo, Liu Yong, Wan Youyu, Zhang Chengjuan, Li Yafeng, Cui Ronglong, Lei Fengyu, Sui Guojie, Deng Liben, Zhang Tao, Liu Huan, Liu Yunyi, Pu Yongxia Innovation and practice of geology and engineering integrated fracturing technology for shale oil in Yingxiongling area in the western Qaidam Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2023, 28 (4): 105-116.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2023.04.010 Abstract （822）   HTML    PDF （2907KB）（7）    Knowledge map    Save The limy dolomite and shale are well developed in Lower Ganchaigou Formation shale series in Yingxiongling area in Qaidam Basin, and the favorable reservoirs of limy-dolomitic flat are superimposed and interbedded with high-quality source rocks, showing huge exploration and development potential of shale oil resources. However, there are some difficulties in reservoir reconstruction, such as high field stress, high stress difference, high-frequency sedimentary cycle, well-developed lamination in vertical direction, and strong reservoir heterogeneity. Therefore, it is urgent to develop a highly applicable and high-efficiency fracturing technology system to support the benefit exploration and high-efficiency development. By conducting geomechanical experiments, the law of shale rupture and fracture propagation is clarified, and the reservoir reconstruction idea of “controlling nearby fractures and propagating long fractures” is formulated; A new algorithm of 1D geomechanics and fracability is researched, and a 3D fine geomechanical model is established; The combination of model simulation optimization and data-driven optimization is applied to form a network fracturing technology template for vertical wells; By benchmarking the mainstream practices and key parameters of volume fracturing of continental shale oil in China, the concept of geology and engineering integration is implemented in cluster setting and fracturing parameters optimization, achieving the upgrade of volume fracturing technology with the core of “high-density cutting, extremely limiting flow perforation, large displacement, large scale, high-intensity and continuous slickwater sand addition, inverse composite ‘controlling nearby fractures and propagating long fractures’, and high quartz sand percentage”. A total of 37 fracturing operations were conducted in vertical wells, with an oil rate of 2.1-44.9 m 3/d, and the wells with commercial oil flows accounted for 97.2%; Another six fracturing operations were conducted in horizontal wells, with the maximum oil rate of 113.5 m 3/d, and the proven shale oil geological reserves of 5×10 8 t in the upper member of Lower Ganchaigou Formation. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Niu Shuanwen Research and application of geology and engineering integration for lowpermeability tight oil reservoirs in Shengli Oilfield China Petroleum Exploration    2023, 28 (1): 14-25.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2023.01.002 Abstract （947）   HTML    PDF （2181KB）（25）    Knowledge map    Save Shengli Oilfield has abundant low-permeability tight oil resources with various types, dominated by glutenite, turbidite and beachbar sandstone reservoirs, showing complex characteristics and leading to great challenges in improving the speed and efficiency. Therefore, it is urgent to establish a large-scale and beneficial capacity construction mode with the integration of geology and engineering. By innovating working concept, operation mechanism and key technologies, and focusing on the technical bottlenecks and cross integration points of various disciplines, Shengli Oilfield conducted multi-disciplinary collaborative research on the integration of geophysics, geology, oil reservoir and engineering, consolidated the basic comprehensive geological study, strengthened the integration of multiple disciplines, and built an integrated collaborative decision support platform. The pre drilling prediction, while-drilling monitoring and post drilling evaluation were combined to develop geology and engineering integration technology for the whole process of scheme optimization design and implementation, which supported to realize the integration of concept, responsibility, process, operation, technology and platform, and achieve the purpose of improving accuracy, timeliness, and capacity while reducing barrel oil cost. The geology and engineering integration technology enabled to realize the effective utilization of untapped reserves with various oil reservoir types. The dynamic updating of high-precision integrated oil reservoir model and the construction of multi-disciplinary collaborative decision support system are the keys to the sustainable development of geology and engineering integration. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Yang Dongsheng, Liu Zhifeng, Wu Bin, Shen Pu, Chen Shaoping, Zhang Ying, Geng Mingyang Tectonic evolution and its control on hydrocarbon accumulation of buried hill in the south section of Liaodong Bulge, Bohai Sea China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (3): 78-87.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.03.007 Abstract （569）   HTML    PDF （3826KB）（10）    Knowledge map    Save Influenced by multi-stage tectonic movement, buried hill in Liaodong Bulge in Liaodong Bay Depression experienced complex tectonic evolution. Based on the newly processed 3D seismic data and drilling data, the stratigraphic structure and structural features of buried hill in the south section of Liaodong Bulge are analyzed, and the tectonic evolution and its influence on hydrocarbon accumulation are discussed. The results show that a double-layer structure of the Mesozoic and Archean were developed of buried hill in the south section of Liaodong Bulge, which experienced four stages of tectonic evolution, namely, the development stage of material basis of buried hill (before the Middle Triassic), development stage of buried hill structure (Middle-Late Triassic to the end of the Cretaceous), reconstruction and deep burying stage of buried hill (Paleocene to the end of the Oligocene), and the stably deep burying stage of buried hill (Miocene to Holocene); Controlled by the basement and strong strike slip, buried hill in the south section of Liaodong Bulge was uplifted from the deposition period of the end of the third member of the Oligocene Shahejie Formation (E 2s 3) to the end of Dongying Formation (E 3d). Two types of faults, strike slip fault and extensional fault, were developed in buried hill in Liaodong Bulge, among which strike slip fault controlled the structural framework of Liaodong Bulge and played a key role in the formation of buried hill, while the dual action of extension and strike slip controlled the fracture development in the interior of the buried hill and improved the reservoir performance. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Sun Huanquan, Zhou Dehua, Cai Xunyu, Wang Feng, Feng Dongjun, Lu Ting Progress and prospects in shale gas development of Sinopec China Petroleum Exploration    2020, 25 (2): 14-26.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2020.02.002 Abstract （2342）   HTML    PDF （1031KB）（94）    Knowledge map    Save China is rich in geological shale gas resources. However, when compared with North America, these resources are characterized by greater geological age, deep burial depths, and high degrees of thermal evolution, as well as complex structures and surface conditions. It is therefore very challenging to achieve commercial development of shale gas in China. Since 2006, Sinopec’s shale gas exploration and development has experienced three stages: investigation and favorable area selection and evaluation; exploration breakthrough, and rapid progress of exploration and development. In 2012, major breakthroughs were made in marine shale gas exploration, and the first shale gas field in China, the Fuling shale gas field, was efficiently established. The commercial development of deep shale gas in the Weirong block has been achieved, and other exploration areas continuously expanded. The proven reserves and production of shale gas have been increasing rapidly. After more than 10 years of scientific and technological research, and development of major equipment, Sinopec has innovatively pioneered a fine description and comprehensive evaluation technology system for shale gas reservoirs, developed a stereoscopic development adjustment technology, and formed a series of supporting technologies for optimized fast drilling and long horizontal well staged fracturing in mountainous areas, as well as green development of gas fields. In the future, Sinopec will continue to strengthen geological evaluation and exploration, consolidate the resource base for sustainable development, adhere to the development idea of geology- engineering integration, strengthen the upgrading of technical equipment, promote cost decreasing and benefit increasing in the oil and gas industry by using big data and artificial intelligence, emphasize the integrated management of whole projects, and improve the development efficiency of shale gas, so as to achieve a steady increase in shale gas proven reserves and production of Sinopec. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Li Jian, She Yuanqi, Gao Yang, Yang Guiru, Li Mingpeng, Yang Shen Onshore deep and ultra-deep natural gas exploration fields and potentials in China China Petroleum Exploration    2019, 24 (4): 403-417.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2019.04.001 Abstract （1900）   HTML    PDF （3014KB）（1561）    Knowledge map    Save In order to further clarify the natural gas exploration potentials and distribution of favorable targets, analyze the outstanding problems and improve the exploration theories in onshore deep and ultra-deep formations in China, the exploration progresses and resources were reviewed, the geology, key factors on reservoir formation and potentials of natural gas resources were classified and evaluated. Our study shows that: (1) 10 foreland thrust belts and slopes (i.e. Kuqa, West Sichuan, South Junggar, etc.) developed in the piedmont zones of the superimposed basins in mid-western China are key exploration zones in foreland thrust belts; (2) the paleo-uplifts and slopes, intracratonic rifts and platform margin reef beaches in the Ordos Basin, Sichuan Basin and Tarim Basin developed on three major cratons (North China, Yangtze and Tarim) are important deep and ultra-deep marine carbonate rock zones; (3) the deep paleo-uplifts, slopes and bedrock buried hills in the Songliao Basin and the Bohai Bay Basin are deep and ultra-deep targets in Mesozoic-Cenozoic rifted basins; and (4) others like deep and ultradeep volcanic rocks are future exploration targets. More problems should be solved, and more basic researches should be conducted related to exploration of deep and ultra-deep natural gas in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Bai Bin,Zhu Rukai,Wu Songtao,Cui Jingwei,Su Ling and Li Tingting New Micro-throat Structural Characterization Techniques for Unconventional Tight Hydrocarbon Reservoir    Abstract （1759）   HTML       Knowledge map    Save Nano-scale and micro-scale pore throats dominate the unconventional tight oil and gas reservoirs. Pore-throat microscopic structure is a key factor to lead to the low-permeability and low-porosity reservoir features. It is also the foundation to establish the criteria for evaluation of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs and interpret the basic geologic features, such as hydrocarbon occurrence and accumulation. Currently, microscopic pore-throat characterization techniques for unconventional tight oil and gas reservoir are based on nanoscale material science, physical chemistry and analytical chemistry. Initial progress has been made in the study of pore size, morphology, distribution and 3D connection by means of direct image observation under field-emission scanning microscope, indirect numerical value measurement such as gas absorption, and 3D value reconstruction modeling pore structure by X-CT, improving the characterization accuracy of nano-scale microscopic pore-throat structure. However, more efforts are required to improve pore-throat structural characterization techniques in the areas of principle testing, integration of multi-data, combination of multi-techniques and pre-experiment disposition, and multi-scale feature characterization. This study will provide the data for precise evaluation of favorable tight reservoir, tight oil and gas zones and other unconventional hydrocarbon sweet spots. Related Articles | Metrics

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Wang Ruijie, Wang Yongkang, Ma Fujian, Chen Xufeng, Liang Xiaowei, Liu Yuan, Qi Yin, Ding Li, Chen Bo, Wang Lipeng, Chai Huiqiang, Pan Yuanwei, Liu Bo, Lu Qingzhi Research and application of key technologies of geology and engineering integration for shale oil development: a case study of Chang 7 member of the Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (1): 151-163.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.01.015 Abstract （1082）   HTML    PDF （7809KB）（18）    Knowledge map    Save The reservoir of Chang 7 member shale oil in Longdong area is mainly composed of interbedding layers of deep lacustrine shale and gravity-flow sandstone, which is characterized by strongly heterogeneous reservoir distribution vertically and laterally and thin single sand layer, with natural fractures developed. In view of the technical challenges in shale oil development, such as well location placement, high-efficiency well drilling and customized well stimulation, a complete set of geology and engineering integrated solution is proposed.Firstly, by applying the comprehensive geological study results, 3D fine geological and geomechanical modeling and reservoir simulation are performed, and then well location selection, well-factory platform design, well drilling and geosteering schemes optimization are implemented to ensure that the well trajectory is reasonable and applicable, reservoir penetration rate is improved while well drilling and completion time is reduced; The combined geomechanical model and reservoir simulation enable the rational fracturing design and operation; In the flowback and production stage, a pertinent scheme is designed by considering the geological, oil reservoir, geomechanical and well completion conditions for fracturing operation to achieve the maximized single well production as well as a long-term cumulative production of the well block. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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He Haiqing and Li Jianzhong PetroChina ’s Oil and Gas Exploration Results, New Geological Theories and Technological Achievements Since 11th Five-Year Plan Period China Petroleum Exploration

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Li Yang, Xue Zhaojie, Cheng Zhe, Jiang Haijun, Wang Ruyue Progress and development directions of deep oil and gas exploration and development in China China Petroleum Exploration    2020, 25 (1): 45-57.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2020.01.005 Abstract （3966）   HTML    PDF （1027KB）（235）    Knowledge map    Save It is of great practical and strategic importance to march deeper into the earth to explore deep oil and gas resources and to build up a solid resource base for energy security in China. There is therefore also a pragmatic imperative to increase the intensity of oil and gas exploration and development in China. Based on an exhaustive summary of the global situation in deep oil and gas exploration and development, and the progress that has already been made by China, the development potential, key research fields and scientific and technological research directions of deep oil and gas in China are comprehensively analyzed in this paper. China is rich in deep oil and gas resources, but with a generally low degree of exploration and development. There are many promising exploration and development prospects with great resource potential, such as multiple source-reservoir-cap assemblages in the deep formations of superimposed basins in Central and Western China, deep lithological reservoirs and Pre-Mesozoic-Cenozoic buried-hill reservoirs in fault basins in Eastern China, deep shale gas, etc. These are the principal directions for future exploration and development. It is necessary to strengthen research on the accumulation mechanisms and distribution laws of deep oil and gas, as well as the flow mechanisms of deep fluids, and to carry out key technical research, such as deep target identification and prediction based on geophysics, optimized fast drilling under complex formation conditions, and stimulation technologies for complex reservoirs. At the same time, it is also necessary to vigorously promote innovation in management, further enhance cooperation between theory and technology and between enterprises and departments, and to strengthen the management and operation of exploration-development integration and geology-engineering integration. This will provide strong support for the efficient exploration and development of deep oil and gas resources. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Wang Xuejun, Yu Baoli, Zhao Xiaohui, Cai Xiling, Li Hong, Fang Yong, Liu Yulian Development and Application of “ 2W1H ” Technique in Oil and Gas Exploration China Petroleum Exploration    2015, 20 (5): 41-53.   Abstract （2194）   HTML       Knowledge map    Save The “2W1H ”(wide-band, wide azimuth and high-density) technique, a high-precision integration seismic exploration technology, presents requirements for matching theoretical concepts and technical processes from field data acquisition to data processing and interpretation. This paper provides basic definitions and technical specifications for the “2W1H ”technique, and points out its superior advantages in resolution, fidelity and inversion accuracy based on theoretical records and synthetic records. The technique can be used for description of reservoirs in areas with well-developed thin interbeds, prediction of fractures in areas with high anisotropy, and exploration of deeper targets or formations with special lithologic features. In addition, the technique may be used to enhance quality of structural mapping for formations with complicated structures. Application of the technique in 3 areas proved its importance in exploration, appraisal and development of complex oil/gas reservoirs. By enhancing quality of seismic data, the technique can effectively reflect configurations of complex reservoirs and distribution of fluids therein, so as to promote fidelity of the data. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Yang Lei, Jin Zhijun Global shale oil development and prospects China Petroleum Exploration    2019, 24 (5): 553-559.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2019.05.002 Abstract （2888）   HTML    PDF （455KB）（687）    Knowledge map    Save The development of global shale oil is an important reference to the development of shale oil in China. After systematically collecting data and researching, and analyzing the development history and key points of US shale oil, including the development process, how to reduce cost and increase production, technologies, development models, economics, and supporting policies, it is found that the development model of shale oil is different from conventional energy, and it is more dependent on technological progress, cost reduction and financial support, and similar to new energy development models to some extent, so development in the stage early needs more supports. The explosive increase of shale oil in the United States is driven by breakthroughs in geological theory and advances in development technologies. The most important is the rapid reduction of the cost for developing shale oil. This not only thanks to technological advances, but also is the result of innovative business models. The global shale oil resources are abundant, and many countries and regions, such as North America, Argentina, Russia, and China, all had good start. In the future, global shale oil production will continue to grow and is expected to exceed 1000×104bbl/d after 2025. According to the characteristics of shale oil in China, shale oil would be strategic successive resources in China. To increase investment in science and technology research and development, give supporting policies, and create favorable conditions to attract more investment will ensure the large-scale development of shale oil during the 14th Five-Year Plan. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fu Jinhua, Niu Xiaobing, Dan Weidong, Feng Shengbin, Liang Xiaowei, Xin Honggang, You Yuan The geological characteristics and the progress on exploration and development of shale oil in Chang7 Member of Mesozoic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2019, 24 (5): 601-614.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2019.05.007 Abstract （1572）   HTML    PDF （3827KB）（11）    Knowledge map    Save Rich unconventional petroleum resources are developed in the Chang 7 Member of the Mesozoic Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin. At present, there are still disputes on whether it is tight oil or shale oil. According to the current situation at home and abroad, and its geological characteristics, we call it shale oil in this paper, i.e. the Chang 7 Member of Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin shale oil refers to the oil accumulation in tight sandstone and shale in the Chang 7 Member source rocks, which was formed without a long-distance migration. Depending on lithologic association and other factors, the shale oil reservoirs are classified into 3 types as multiphase sand overlay type (type I), shale interbedded with thin sandstone type (type II) and pure shale (type III). According to the comprehensive geological study, Chang 7 shale oil is characterized by the following: sand-mud reservoir with large area distribution, dense reservoir with good fluidity, high oil saturation, light oil, high gas-oil ratio, shallow burial, and large quantity of resources, etc. In recent years, through seismic survey, well logging, research on engineering and development technologies, achievements on exploration and development of shale oil in Chang 7 Member are achieved, such as: defined the scale reservoir area of type I shale oil, and 3 pilot areas for horizontal well development of type I shale oil were constructed; for type II and type III shale oil, production of oil was achieved through vertical well exploration; the scale development of type I shale oil has achieved remarkable results, and shale oil of Chang 7 Member has become an important resource guarantee for the "second acceleration" development of Changqing oilfield. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Li Mingzhai, Cao Yimin, Ding Rong, Deng Ze, Jiang Ke, Li Yongzhou, Yao Xiaoli, Hou Songyi, Hui Hui, Sun Xiaoguang, Yi Wei, Sun Xiaoyi, Cao Xinxin Gas occurrence and production characteristics of deep coal measure gas and reserve estimation method and indicators in Daning-Jixian block China Petroleum Exploration    2024, 29 (4): 146-159.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2024.04.011 Abstract （486）   HTML    PDF （745KB）（6）    Knowledge map    Save The deep coal measure gas is a new field of CBM exploration, and the scientific estimation of deep coal measure gas reserves is a new challenge. By summarizing the exploration and development achievements in Daning-Jixian block, and analyzing gas accumulation characteristics, occurrence pattern, gas production laws and performance of deep coal measure gas, the unique occurrence characteristics of adsorbed gas + free gas, gas production mechanism of free gas → free gas + adsorbed gas → adsorbed gas, and its significant differences from shallow and medium-shallow coal measure gas have been studied. Furthermore, the inadaptability of the current reserve estimation standards for deep coal measure gas has been pointed out in terms of estimation methods, unit division, estimation parameters, threshold for calculation,and data collection. Based on the above research, the following suggestions are put forward for estimating deep CBM reserves. The volume and volumetric methods can be used to estimate reserves, and the appropriate method should be selected based on the proportion of free gas;The reserve calculation units for free gas should be divided separately; The lower limit for coal gangue thickness deduction is 0.3-0.5 m; When R o is less than 1.0%, the lower limit for net coal seam thickness should be greater than 1.0 m; When R o is larger than 1.0%, the lower limit for net coal seam thickness should be greater than 0.8 m; The lower limit for single well gas production should be determined by well depth range and well type; In the early exploration stage, the recovery factor of vertical wells was 30%-45%, while that of horizontal wells was 35%-55%.This study provides technical references for the exploration and development, as well as reserve estimation of deep coal measure gas. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Du Jinhu, Hu Suyun, Pang Zhenglian, Lin Senhu, Hou Lianhua, Zhu Rukai The types, potentials and prospects of continental shale oil in China China Petroleum Exploration    2019, 24 (5): 560-568.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2019.05.003 Abstract （2618）   HTML    PDF （9333KB）（138）    Knowledge map    Save In recent years, China’s oil dependence on foreign countries has been increasing year by year, and the national energy security is becoming more and more severe, while the“shale revolution”in North America is actively moving forward. In order to broaden oil and gas exploration and development, and to find successive resources for increasing crude oil reserves and production in China, the types, potentials and prospects of continental shale oil in China were investigated and analyzed systematically. The results show that the continental shale oil resources in China have four geological characteristics, and can be divided into two types in terms of maturity: medium-high maturity and medium-low maturity. Both of the two types have great potentials – the former is estimated to be about 200×108tons, and the latter has a great amount of technically recoverable, prospective resources in situ transform. In recent years, a lot of progress in shale oil exploration have been made. For the shale oil of medium-high maturity, exploration discoveries have been made in three types of shale accumulation: synchronogenic source - reservoir, separated source - reservoir and exclusive shale. For the shale oil of medium-low maturity, in situ transform technology is under development and pilot test. Finally, in view of the future development of continental shale oil, four risk points are put forward and corresponding countermeasures are proposed based on China’s national conditions and actual geological conditions. Comprehensive research concludes that industrial development of continental shale oil is expected and it will be an important successive resource for increasing crude oil reserves and production in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Hu Wenrui Geology-engineering integration-a necessary way to realize profitable exploration and development of complex reservoir China Petroleum Exploration    2017, 22 (1): 1-5.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2017.01.001 Abstract （2601）   HTML    PDF （1703KB）（1053）    Knowledge map    Save In recent years, as newly-discovered oil and gas resources become more and more inferior while old oil fields in China enter into the middle-later development stages, great challenges emerge to the exploration and development. Under this circumstance, new ideas, techniques and practices are urgently needed to solve these problems. Successful large-scale development of unconventional resources in the United States has significantly promoted the integrated innovation and development which combines multiple disciplines and multiple technologies. Accordingly, the geology-engineering integration is proposed in response to the challenges induced by current low oil price and the basic requirement of “profitable exploration and development”. This model represents a new way to realize profitable exploration and development of oil and gas fields (especially the unconventional and complex oil and gas fields) in China. The organization idea and operation pattern of such geology-engineering integration have been successfully applied in developing low-porosity and low-permeability reservoirs in the Kuqa area of the Tarim Basin in western China, the Sichuan Basin (marine shale gas), and central-eastern China. This paper described the concept, connotation, and applicable scope of the geology-engineering integration, and presented three prerequisites for implementing this model. Moreover, some suggestions were put forward for promoting the development of the geology-engineering integration. To be specific, in addition to expanding the application scope and scale, learning curve should be established to develop more pertinent technologies. Innovation should be made in management model of geology-engineering integration, and market-based and cross-enterprise coordination should be applied beyond traditional systems to integrate the advantages of technologies. In this way, it is expected to substantially enhance production and profitability of complex reservoirs in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mao Xinjun, Li Yanping, Liang Zeliang, Zhu Ming, Yao Weijiang, Li Shubo, Pan Tuo, Hu Zhengzhou, Wang Yang Hydrocarbon accumulation conditions and exploration potential of the Jurassic coal measure gas in Junggar Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2024, 29 (4): 32-44.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2024.04.003 Abstract （922）   HTML    PDF （7608KB）（7）    Knowledge map    Save Two sets of coal seams are widely distributed in the Jurassic Xishanyao and Badaowan formations in Junggar Basin, and there are abundant coal measure gas resources. However, as a completely new field of natural gas, the level of basic research is low, and gas accumulation characteristics, enrichment laws and resource scale in the basin are unclear. In 2020, a risk exploration well CT1H was drilled to explore gas bearing property of deep coal rocks, and a maximum daily gas rate of 5.7×10 4 m 3/d was tested, as well as a steady gas rate of 2×10 4 m 3/d in trial production, confirming the high and steady production capacity of coal measure gas. A systematic study on coal rock petrological characteristics, reservoir performance, evolution characteristics and control factors for gas accumulation in coal measure strata has been conducted, which indicates that the thermal evolution degree of coal rocks is low, with a medium-low coal rank, and the coal reservoir in Xishanyao Formation is dominated by meso-macro pores, while that in Badaowan Formation is mainly micro-small pores; By combining with multiple factors controlling gas accumulation in coal measure strata, such as source rock, structure, coal reservoir, and abnormal gas logging shows, the potential fields of coal measure gas in the basin have been classified and evaluated. Two favorable exploration areas including Dinan-Baijiahai and Qigu areas have optimally been selected, and coal measure gas resources are more than 1×10 12 m 3 with a burial depth of 2000-4000 m. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Wu Zongguo, Liang Xing, Dong Jianyi, Li Zhaofeng, Zhang Zhao, Wang Gaocheng, Gao Yang, Li Xun Application of 3D geosteering in geology-engineering integration practice China Petroleum Exploration    2017, 22 (1): 89-98.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2017.01.011 Abstract （1825）   HTML    PDF （3058KB）（1025）    Knowledge map    Save Geology-engineering integration has become an indispensable exploration and development strategy along with the growing demand for production enhancement, cost control and efficiency improvement of horizontal wells in unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. Unconventional horizontal wells are faced with multiple challenges in terms of geology and engineering. In order to realize productivity breakthrough and beneficial development and meet the requirements of cost reduction and productivity construction ahead of schedule, it is common to apply horizontal wells in unconventional oil and gas reservoirs for early development. The geological uncertainties impact the drilling ratio of horizontal wells, increase operation risks and decrease drilling time efficiency. According to the concept of factorylike intensive well pattern, 3D extended reach well with complex trajectory is inevitable, making drilling operation more and more difficult. Practical operation indicates that trajectory optimization of horizontal well based on efficient geosteering method is the only way to diminish drilling risks, guarantee effective completion stimulation and realize beneficial development while ensuring the drilling ratio of sweet spots. 3D geosteering is a new-generation steering method which is developed according to the concept of geology-engineering integration, and its core lies in geosteering model reconstruction and high-precision 3D geological modeling. It maximizes the advantages of “well factory” and improves the model precision by means of horizontal wells, so as to provide the support for pre-drilling trajectory optimization, drilled formation anticipation and trajectory pre-adjustment. 3D geosteering is a process independent of LWD (logging while drilling) tool. With this technique, the drilling cost is reduced significantly, and satisfactory results are achieved in the practical drilling of shale gas or tight oil horizontal wells in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Xian Chenggang, Zhang Jiehui, Chen Xin, Liang Xing, Wen Heng, Wang Gaocheng Application of geomechanics in geology-engineering integration China Petroleum Exploration    2017, 22 (1): 75-88.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2017.01.010 Abstract （2445）   HTML    PDF （5421KB）（827）    Knowledge map    Save A shale gas field at southern margin of the Sichuan Basin commenced production in 2014. For assuring its engineering efficiency and development benefit, it is critical to accurately understand the geomechanics law and its application in various scales. Accordingly, 3D geomechanics models were built in the scales of the whole study area and the platform. These models are high-resolution models based on structure, geology, attributes and multi-scale natural fractures. Core, well logging and seismic data were used to finely describe the mechanical parameters, and a set of methods for establishing 3D pore pressure model for shale gas field was established. Advanced finite element simulator and large-scale parallel computing technology were applied to establish 3D stress field models with different planar resolutions for the whole study area and the platform. In order to accurately characterize the vertical heterogeneity of shale, the models are designed with a resolution of 0.5 m thick in target layers. Various data were utilized for quality control and calibration of these models, and new data were timely used to continually update these models. The accuracies of these models can reflect the direction, size, heterogeneity and anisotropy of the stress. The results show that in-situ stresses vary greatly at platforms, between wells and along the horizontal well sections. Such complex variations are the consequent reflections of rock textures (e.g. structural form, and multi-scale fracture system) and rock composition in various scales. These geomechanics models can meet various requirements for scale and accuracy in different applications in either the whole study area or any single well. The whole-area model can be used to optimize platform location and well location deployment, to evaluate the geologic storage capacity and resources, and to assess the mechanical stability of faults and fractured belts. The high-resolution platform model can be applied in analyzing borehole stability, managing drilling in real-time manner, optimizing fracturing design, and making post-frac comprehensive evaluation. These geomechanics models have been successfully integrated in the practices of geology-engineering integration. By iterative updating and in-time application, they facilitate the engineering efficiency and development benefits. The establishment of large-scale geomechanics models for development of shale gas fields, recording the first time in China, provides references for future operations. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Liu Henian, Shi Buqing, Xue Liangqing, Wan Lunkun, Pan Xiaohua, Ji Zhifeng, Li Zhi, Ma Hong, Fan Guozhang Major achievements of CNPC overseas oil and gas exploration during the 13th Five-Year Plan and prospects for the future China Petroleum Exploration    2020, 25 (4): 1-10.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2020.04.001 Abstract （2245）   HTML    PDF （1008KB）（55）    Knowledge map    Save During the period of the 13th Five-Year Plan, oil prices have remained continuously low and the global investment environment has become increasingly complicated. This has raised major issues for CNPC overseas oil and gas exploration, including the issue of how to adapt to complex internal and external environments as quickly as possible and how to achieve accurate deployment and benefit exploration. The company has proposed a robust deployment strategy of focusing on benefits, seeking large-scale, high-quality, rapidly-recoverable reserves, and carrying out risk exploration and fine exploration. A series of effective exploration management measures have gradually been developed. These include: innovating and implementing an integrated research organization mode of “industry-college-institute-application cooperation”, optimizing decision-making processes at headquarters level, integrating exploration-development-engineering, strengthening international cooperation in deep-water exploration, and screening large basins globally to identify new exploration projects. Between 2016 and 2019, CNPC overseas oil and gas exploration made 12 major breakthroughs and strategic discoveries as a result of implementation of these measures. Discoveries have been made in several fields in mature exploration areas through fine exploration. Cumulative proven oil and gas geological reserves are more than 10×108 t oil equivalent, the discovery cost per barrel oil is less than $2/bbl, and the average success rate of exploration wells is 76%. At present, CNPC overseas oil and gas exploration still faces challenges such as continuously low international oil prices, a sharp decrease in exploration projects, increasingly fierce competition for new blocks, the inferior quality of conventional oil and gas resources, and increasingly complex exploration objects. The company also has comparatively weak capacity for independent exploration and development of deep-water oil and gas. However, There are still rich undiscovered oil and gas resources around the world. Cross-border integration of advanced technologies will transform exploration concepts and technological innovations, so the prospects for overseas oil and gas exploration are broad and promising. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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He Bin, Bai Guoping, He Yonghong, Du Yanjun, Wang Dapeng, Wang Bianyang, Ma Lang, Sun Tongying Characteristics and favorable target optimization of hydrocarbon plays in the Gabon Coastal Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2018, 23 (3): 99-108.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2018.03.012 Abstract （1163）   HTML    PDF （4016KB）（1092）    Knowledge map    Save Based on the latest oil and gas feld information and petroleum geological data of the Gabon Coastal Basin, it is divided into 6 hydrocarbon plays of two categories (i.e., suprasalt and subsalt) with reservoirs as the core. Among them, Berriasian sandstone play and Aptian sandstone play are located below salt rocks. These subsalt plays are characterized by continental reservoir, salt rock as the overlying barrier and sealing bed and fracture belt as the migration pathway. Albian-Cenomanian sandstone play, Maastrichtian clastic play, Coniacian-Campanian turbidite play and Eocene-Oligocene channel sandstone play are located above salt rocks. And these suprasalt plays are characterized by marine reservoir, salt structure controlling reservoir and salt movement connecting source rock with reservoir. Then, oil and gas resources were evaluated with the play as the unit by means of Monte Carlo method. And according to the calculation results, the resources to be discovered in the Gabon Costal Basin in the following 30 years are 6895×10 6bbl, including oil resources of 5893×10 6bbl, natural gas resources of 6005×10 9ft 3 and condensate oil resources of 34×10 6bbl. It is indicated from the analysis on the characteristics of plays in the Gabon Coastal Basin and the resource evaluation results that Aptian sandstone play is the most favorable exploration target. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Liang Xing, Wang Gaocheng, Zhang Jiehui, Shu Honglin, Liu Chen, Li Zhaofeng, Xu Zhengyu, Zhang Zhao, Li Deqi, Jiao Yajun, Zhang Yongqiang, Li Qingfei, Qin Jun, Yin Kaigui, Luo Yufeng High-efficiency integrated shale gas development model of Zhaotong National Demonstration Zone and its practical enlightenment China Petroleum Exploration    2017, 22 (1): 29-37.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2017.01.005 Abstract （3635）   HTML    PDF （2854KB）（1197）    Knowledge map    Save The Zhaotong National Shale Gas Demonstration Zone is different from the explored and developed blocks in North America and the Sichuan Basin where shale gas has been successfully developed. It is characterized by complex geology, mountainous landform, high difficulty in drilling and production engineering, high operation cost, high-level safety and environment management and high risks in shale gas development. According to the development concept of “ensuring the quality and promoting the production by integrated technologies, and increasing the efficiency and improving the benefit by innovative management model”, the IPDP (Integrated Project Development by Production) high-efficiency development model which is suitable for the marine mountain shale gas in South China was proposed. The IPDP model is based on exploration-development integration, geology-engineering integration and research-production integration, and it is technically supported by the IPMP (Integrated Project Management by Production) model and geology & engineering teams. In this model, the life-cycle integrated project organization and implementation is carried out according to the working mechanism of “beneficial production as the target, engineering technology as the support, reverse thinking based design, positive organization and implementation, and factory-like operation”. In this way, the drilling and production engineering quality and well production rate of mountain shale gas are controlled all through the process from the aspects of research and evaluation, field production and implementation, and project organization and management. By virtue of the turnkey model of integrated risk project which is linked to individual-well gas production rate, the sense of responsibility for beneficial production is enhanced and the production organization is optimized, so that each link is seamlessly connected, operation efficiency is effectively increased, the cost is decreased, the benefit is increased, the development risk is avoided, and implementation result is remarkable. It provides valuable references for the high-efficient development of marine mountain shale gas in South China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Ma Tao, Zhang Zhonghong, Wang Tiecheng, Ding Jianyu, Huang Zhaoyue, Xiang Jian, Xin Qi, Wang Jianyu, Zhu Mingxin Architecture design and implementation of E&P Dream Cloud platform China Petroleum Exploration    2020, 25 (5): 71-81.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2020.05.010 Abstract （2212）   HTML    PDF （4315KB）（822）    Knowledge map    Save The petroleum industry has entered a new era of rapid digital development and intelligent operations. Maximizing the capabilities of the new technologies is an urgent requirement in every sphere, so the question of how to achieve digitalization and intellectualization of information and management systems has become an important topic for upstream oil and gas enterprises to study and explore. Influenced by the latest development trends in global information technologies, and inspired by international best practice, PetroChina’s upstream business segment has formulated a blueprint of constructing a platform for upstream business information and application sharing—the E&P Dream Cloud platform (Dream Cloud). Dream Cloud adopts a cloud computing and microservice architecture design, merging enterprise data governance concepts with technology systems, and integrating big data, artificial intelligence, and other advanced technologies. The results are a “platform + capability + application” ecology of Dream Cloud and the establishment of an open and sharing environment of “data + technology + application” for the upstream business. The system has already enhanced the intelligence sharing capability of the upstream business, providing agile digital and intelligent services for upstream business applications. The platform and its applications use Devops, agile development, and other technologies to achieve efficient and integrated development which supports data interconnection, technology interoperability, and business collaboration across the upstream business. As an intelligent sharing platform for PetroChina’s upstream business, Dream Cloud has opened up a sustainable development road for the implementation of the company’s overall “sharing Petro- China” strategy and provided support for the digital transformation and intelligent development of the upstream business. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Liu Huimin Exploration practice and prospect of shale oil in Jiyang Depression China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (1): 73-87.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.01.007 Abstract （1153）   HTML    PDF （8475KB）（35）    Knowledge map    Save In Jiyang Depression, the organic rich and carbonate rich shale of semi deep-deep lake facies is developed of the Cenozoic salinized continental fault rift basin, and the shale oil is featured by medium-low and medium-high maturity, with high abundance and great resource potential, which is different from that in North American marine basins and other continental basins in China. Looking back to the shale oil exploration history for 50 years in Jiyang Depression, it can be divided into three stages, i.e., accidental discovery, active exploration and innovation breakthrough. At present, strategic achievements of multiple series and multiple types shale oil have been made in medium-maturity carbonate-rich lamina matrix type and high-maturity carbonate-rich lamina-thin layer matrix type shale in the upper part of the fourth member of Shahejie Formation in Dongying Sag and the lower part of the third member of Shahejie Formation in Zhanhua Sag, as well as major progress in low-maturity carbonate-rich lamina matrix type shale. More than 10 years’ study and exploration practice have enabled to establish the lithofacies division scheme of shale in Jiyang Depression, obtain the innovative understanding of reservoir performance, oil bearing, oil mobility and fracability of organic shale, establish a geological evaluation system including 20 parameters with the core of “four properties”,develop the supporting geological, engineering and geophysical prediction, drilling engineering and fracturing technologies, and form the integrated operation and management mode adapted to geological characteristics of Jiyang Depression, which has effectively guided shale oil exploration practice in Jiyang Depression. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Wang Qinghua, Yang Haijun, Wang Rujun, Li Shiyin, Deng Xingliang, Li Yong, Chang Lunjie, Wan Xiaoguo, Zhang Yintao Discovery and exploration technology of fault-controlled large oil and gas fields of ultra-deep formation in strike slip fault zone in Tarim Basin#br# China Petroleum Exploration    2021, 26 (4): 58-71.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2021.04.005 Abstract （1277）   HTML    PDF （11233KB）（21）    Knowledge map    Save The exploration of carbonate reservoir of the Lower Paleozoic in Tarim Basin has experienced an arduous process from buried hill structure, reef flat facies-controlled reservoir, interstratal karst to fault-controlled fracture-cavity type reservoir. In recent 10 years, new exploration theory and technology innovations have been achieved in the exploration field of fault-controlled oil and gas reservoirs, including: (1) innovated geological theory of hydrocarbon accumulation of fault-controlled reservoir in ultra- deep marine carbonate rocks, and hydrocarbon accumulation pattern of “continuous and large-scale reservoir development, and differential oil enrichment in different segments” in the strike slip fault zone in depression area, promoting the understandings on hydrocarbon accumulation pattern and oil enrichment law of carbonate reservoir and delivering major breakthroughs in the exploration of fault-controlled oil and gas reservoirs in strike slip fault zone in ultra-deep depression area; (2) innovated technology series of target evaluation of fault-controlled fracture-cavity type reservoirs in ultra-deep strike slip fault zone, with the focus of high-density 3D seismic acquisition and processing, identification of small-displacement and weak strike slip fault, and identification of fracture-cavity type reservoir in strike slip fault zone, and applicable supporting technologies for well drilling and completion in strike slip fault zone. Benefiting from the theoretical and technological progress, the exploration of carbonate oil and gas reservoirs has approached to the forbidden zone in depression area with depth of greater than 7500 m, identifying an exploration frontier of ultra-deep fault-controlled oil and gas reservoirs with an area of 2×10 4km 2, and discovering a giant one-billion-ton-level fault-controlled oilfield—Fuman Oilfield in ultra-deep strike slip fault zone in Central Depression of Tarim Basin. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics