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Zhang Gongcheng,Li Youchuan,Liu Shixiang and Zhao Zhao “Co-Control of Source Rock and Heat ” in Orderly Distribution of “Near-shore Oil and Far-shore Gas ” in China ’s Offshore and Adjacent Area    Abstract （1561）   HTML       Knowledge map    Save China ’s offshore and adjacent area experienced five basin-forming stages since the end of Mesozoic, leading to development of a number of Cenozoic basins. Source rocks in the region were developed in Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene and Miocenes. Types of source rocks include nomareine, transitional, and marine facies. Source rocks of nonmarine facies refer to mudstones of semi-deep lacustrine facies and limnetic faices. Source rocks of transitional facies include coal beds, coaly mudstones and dark mudstones. Marine source rocks include terrigenous marine and pure marine facies. Source rocks in the East China Sea, northern South China Sea and western South China Sea are dominated by semi-deep lacustrine facies in near-shore area and transitional to marine facies in far-shore area. Source rocks in southern South China Sea are featured by transitional to marine facies in both near-shore and far-shore area. Geothermal flux in China ’s offshore and adjacent area increases from near-shore area to far-shore area, and formation overlying source rocks get thicker from near-shore area to farshore area. Because of co-control of source rock and heat, the near shore is distributed mainly with oil and the far shore distributed with gas in China ’s offshore and adjacent area. The near-shore belt extends from Bohai Bay Basin via southern Yellow Sea Basin, depression belt in northern Pearl River Mouth Basin, Beibu Bay Basin, Hanoi depression of Yingge Sea Basin, western part of Zhongjiannan Basin, western part of Wan ’an Basin, Mekong Basin, Balinjian depression of Zengmu Basin, and central and southern parts of Brunei-Sabah Basin northeastward to eastern part of Palawan Basin. This is a huge oil-generating belt with billions of tons of discovered oil reserves. The far-shore belt includes East China Sea Basin, Taixi Basin, Taixinan Basin, southern part of Pearl River Mouth Basin, Qiongdongnan Basin, Yingzhong depression of Yingge Sea Basin, southeastern part of Zhongjiannan Basin, southeastern part of Wan ’an Basin, Kangxi depression of Zengmu Basin, northern part of Brunei-Sabah Basin, and northern Palawan Basin. This is a huge natural gas generating belt with the discovered natural gas reserves accumulated to trillions of cubic meters. Currently, China ’s offshore area is located mainly in the structural trap domains of the mature zones, the structural trap domains of the middle and shallow layers and biological reefs in particular. Exploration of compound traps and lithologic traps is under the preliminary stage. There is a broad prospect for exploration of new series of strata and new types. There are a lot of new exploration area in China ’s offshore area. A number of basins and depressions with great potential for resources are at low degree of exploration. The deepwater zone of the far-shore belt, in particular, is predicted to have a great potential for exploration. Related Articles | Metrics

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Li Xiu Classifications and Establishment of SPE Reserve China Petroleum Exploration    2010, 15 (4): 52-56,9,10.   Abstract （512）   HTML       Knowledge map    Save With the development of international oil exploration of SINOPC abroad, some technological specifications relevant to oil and gas exploration need to be in line with international standards. Among of this, it gets more urgent and necessary to establish reserves specifications. In recent years, Chinese companies have required that reserve estimation be implemented for all foreign-related oil fields as per SPE. Therefore, understanding and extending SPE reserves specifications is an important task in oil and gas explorations nowadays. Through analysis and research on documents related to SPE, this paper gives a detailed description to the concept relevant to oil reserves, classifications and applications, illustrates the applied conditions for SPE reserves classifications with some examples, and clarifies the reserves classifications and principles for different reservoirs based on SPE specifications Related Articles | Metrics

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He Bin, Bai Guoping, He Yonghong, Du Yanjun, Wang Dapeng, Wang Bianyang, Ma Lang, Sun Tongying Characteristics and favorable target optimization of hydrocarbon plays in the Gabon Coastal Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2018, 23 (3): 99-108.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2018.03.012 Abstract （894）   HTML    PDF （4016KB）（624）    Knowledge map    Save Based on the latest oil and gas feld information and petroleum geological data of the Gabon Coastal Basin, it is divided into 6 hydrocarbon plays of two categories (i.e., suprasalt and subsalt) with reservoirs as the core. Among them, Berriasian sandstone play and Aptian sandstone play are located below salt rocks. These subsalt plays are characterized by continental reservoir, salt rock as the overlying barrier and sealing bed and fracture belt as the migration pathway. Albian-Cenomanian sandstone play, Maastrichtian clastic play, Coniacian-Campanian turbidite play and Eocene-Oligocene channel sandstone play are located above salt rocks. And these suprasalt plays are characterized by marine reservoir, salt structure controlling reservoir and salt movement connecting source rock with reservoir. Then, oil and gas resources were evaluated with the play as the unit by means of Monte Carlo method. And according to the calculation results, the resources to be discovered in the Gabon Costal Basin in the following 30 years are 6895×10 6bbl, including oil resources of 5893×10 6bbl, natural gas resources of 6005×10 9ft 3 and condensate oil resources of 34×10 6bbl. It is indicated from the analysis on the characteristics of plays in the Gabon Coastal Basin and the resource evaluation results that Aptian sandstone play is the most favorable exploration target. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Meng Weigong, Chen Zhenyan, Zhang Bin, Hu Yingjie, Zhang Ziming, Hui Yuting Key Technology for Exploration of Igneous Reservoirs in Liaohe Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2015, 20 (3): 45-57.   Abstract （1184）   HTML       Knowledge map    Save Igneous reservoir has become an important oil and gas exploration area in Liaohe Basin. Three unique items of key technology have been developed for exploration of igneous reservoirs on the basis of exploration study and practice in the past few years. (1) Technology for evaluation of igneous reservoirs determines the exploration direction. The Es3 formation in the main stage of basin development is the major stratum series of igneous oil and gas exploration. Near-source accumulation determines the main zones and belts for oil and gas exploration. The favorable lithology, lithofacies and fracturing transformation zones are the exploration target of effective reservoirs. (2) Technology for identification and prediction of igneous igneous rock body confirms exploration targets. Attributes – inversion joint seismic identification confirms the distribution scope of igneous rock body while igneous lithofacies seismic identification and description predicts the favorable distribution zone of lithofacies. Integrated geological-logging identification helps determine the type of igneous rock and identifies favorable reservoirs. (3) Technology for transformation of igneous reservoirs effectively improves producing reserves. The “large displacement, low sand ratio, high strength and multi-stage plug fracturing ” process for transformation of igneous reservoirs substantially improves productivity and ensures success rate of oil and gas exploration. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Li Luguang, He Haiqing, Fan Tuzhi, Liu Henian, Yang Tao, Wan Lunkun, Huang Fuxi, Li Zhi Oil and Gas Exploration Progress and Upstream Development Strategy of CNPC China Petroleum Exploration    2020, 25 (1): 1-10.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2020.01.001 Abstract （2362）   HTML    PDF （3561KB）（26）    Knowledge map    Save In recent years, the China National Petroleum Corporation (hereinafter referred to as CNPC) has made 13 major breakthroughs and new strategic discoveries and formed 10 large hydrocarbon provinces with reserves of over 100 million tons by following the principle of efficient exploration relying on domestic and expanding overseas markets. . Based on important domestic and foreign exploration progress since the beginning of the ‘13th Five-Year Plan’ period, and in view of the current situation and requirements at home and abroad, comprehensive analysis of the oil and gas resources situation in the CNPC mining rights blocks, the development potential of remaining resources and the challenges faced by the upstream business has been carried out. This has also clarified the general train of thought and strategic targets of CNPC's upstream business for the future: CNPC will adhere to steady development guidelines and high-quality development goals, and will implement strategies to find more oil and gas resources, the domestic upstream segment will reinforce exploration and development by focusing on the seven major basins, paying equal attention to oil and gas resources, and putting conventional and unconventional resources on an equal footing, the strategic target is to achieve annual newly increased proven petroleum geological reserves of more than 1.1 billion tons of oil equivalent in the period from 2019 to 2025, and to achieve oil and gas production of 220 million tons of oil equivalent by 2025; In overseas markets, CNPC will focus on conventional oil and gas resources, optimize the development of five cooperation zones (Central Asia-Russia, the Middle East, Africa, the Americas, and Asia-Pacific) and expand the scale of ‘Belt and Road’ cooperation. Five measures have been proposed to ensure the realization of these strategic targets, which include reinforcement of domestic exploration and development, implementation of high-quality and efficient development overseas, promotion of scientific and technological innovation, deepening of reform and management innovation, and strengthening of the fostering of high quality talent teams specializing in petroleum exploration and development. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Zhang Ningning,He Dengfa,Sun Yanpeng and Li Haowu Distribution Patterns and Controlling Factors of Giant Carbonate Rock Oil and Gas Fields Worldwide    Abstract （1210）   HTML       Knowledge map    Save Giant carbonate rock oil and gas fi elds are those whose reservoirs are made mainly of carbonate rock. Based on the statistical fi gures, at the end of 2012, a total of 1021 giant oil and gas fi elds were found worldwide, of which 321 ones were giant carbonate rock oil and gas fi elds. By means of statistical analysis, assessment of resources and sedimentology, this paper theoretically analyzes 226 giant carbonate rock oil and gas fi elds, focusing on their geographical locations, strata distribution, scale and buried depth of reservoirs, and types of traps. The analysis indicates that carbonate rock reservoirs are distributed mainly in the Persian Gulf Basin, the Gulf of Mexico Basin, Sirte Basin, Pre-Caspian Basin, North Slope of Alaska in the United States, Permian Basin, Sichuan Basin and Tarim Basin. Of those areas, the oil and gas resources of carbonate rock reservoirs are accumulated mainly in the Upper Paleozoic , Jurassic System, Cretaceous System, Paleogene System and Neogene System. Giant carbonate rock oil and gas fi elds can be classifi ed mainly as biological reef, grain beach, dolomite, unconformity and weathering crust. Usually they are large in scale, with a buried depth of less than 3000 meters. However, the reservoirs with a large buried depth are mostly dolomite and high-pressure limestone. Based on the research on distribution patterns and accumulations of giant carbonate rock oil and gas fi elds, it is found that the current geophysical locations and vertical distribution of giant carbonate rock oil and gas fi elds are controlled by the carbonate rock plane and distribution of strata. The palaeoclimate and palaeolatitude controlled formation of hydrocarbon source rock and development of carbonate rock. The palaeostructure and its development controlled the scale of carbonate rock reservoirs and oil and gas abundance. The sedimentary diagenesis controlled reservoir functions of giant carbonate rock oil and gas fi elds while favorable source-reservoir-cap assemblage holds the key to formation of giant carbonate rock oil and gas fi elds. Related Articles | Metrics

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Bai Bin,Zhu Rukai,Wu Songtao,Cui Jingwei,Su Ling and Li Tingting New Micro-throat Structural Characterization Techniques for Unconventional Tight Hydrocarbon Reservoir    Abstract （1466）   HTML       Knowledge map    Save Nano-scale and micro-scale pore throats dominate the unconventional tight oil and gas reservoirs. Pore-throat microscopic structure is a key factor to lead to the low-permeability and low-porosity reservoir features. It is also the foundation to establish the criteria for evaluation of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs and interpret the basic geologic features, such as hydrocarbon occurrence and accumulation. Currently, microscopic pore-throat characterization techniques for unconventional tight oil and gas reservoir are based on nanoscale material science, physical chemistry and analytical chemistry. Initial progress has been made in the study of pore size, morphology, distribution and 3D connection by means of direct image observation under field-emission scanning microscope, indirect numerical value measurement such as gas absorption, and 3D value reconstruction modeling pore structure by X-CT, improving the characterization accuracy of nano-scale microscopic pore-throat structure. However, more efforts are required to improve pore-throat structural characterization techniques in the areas of principle testing, integration of multi-data, combination of multi-techniques and pre-experiment disposition, and multi-scale feature characterization. This study will provide the data for precise evaluation of favorable tight reservoir, tight oil and gas zones and other unconventional hydrocarbon sweet spots. Related Articles | Metrics

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Zhao Wenzhi, Jia Ailin, Wei Yunsheng, Wang Junlei, Zhu Hanqing Progress in shale gas exploration in China and Prospects for future development China Petroleum Exploration    2020, 25 (1): 31-44.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2020.01.004 Abstract （1996）   HTML    PDF （783KB）（34）    Knowledge map    Save Shale gas exploration and development in China has entered a golden age of rapid progress. The increasing proportion of natural gas in the energy consumption structure of the nation, and the success of commercial shale gas development in the southern Sichuan Basin, indicate that shale gas will be the most reliable succession energy source for the future in China. This paper reviews achievements in theoretical understanding and technologies related to shale gas development over the past 10 years, summarizes successful experiences in commercial shale gas development, and clarifies the prospects for, and status of, shale gas in future natural gas development in China. China's shale gas resources have enormous potential, and provide a practical base for future growth in natural gas production. The conditions for obtaining industrial shale gas resources are described as ‘2 highs’ (high gas content and high porosity), ‘2 larges’ (large thickness of intervals with high TOC and large distribution areas), ‘2 moderates’ (moderate thermal evolution and moderate burial depth), and ‘2 goods’ (good preservation conditions and good fracability). Marine shale gas in China is of the highest potential, and at present is the major objective for natural gas production growth. Exploitation of the Ordovician Wufeng Formation and Silurian Longmaxi Formation shale gas in the Sichuan Basin and its surroundings has relied on developments in six technology areas: comprehensive geological evaluation; development optimization; fast drilling of horizontal wells; volume fracturing of horizontal wells; factory-like operation, and efficient and clean production. The successful achievement of commercial development of shale gas in China can be summarized as stemming from four key factors: ① optimized horizontal section targets; ② supporting technologies for effective and fast drilling and volume fracturing stimulation; ③ geological and engineering integration, and ④ advanced organization and management. Three proposals for the future development of shale gas in China are: ① to develop key technologies and equipment for low-cost development of non-marine and deep marine shale gas; ② to enhance block-scale shale gas recovery and achieve efficient development of the entire Sichuan basin; ③ to pay attention to the influence of non-resource factors on shale gas production. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Wu Zongguo, Liang Xing, Dong Jianyi, Li Zhaofeng, Zhang Zhao, Wang Gaocheng, Gao Yang, Li Xun Application of 3D geosteering in geology-engineering integration practice China Petroleum Exploration    2017, 22 (1): 89-98.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2017.01.011 Abstract （1429）   HTML    PDF （3058KB）（579）    Knowledge map    Save Geology-engineering integration has become an indispensable exploration and development strategy along with the growing demand for production enhancement, cost control and efficiency improvement of horizontal wells in unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. Unconventional horizontal wells are faced with multiple challenges in terms of geology and engineering. In order to realize productivity breakthrough and beneficial development and meet the requirements of cost reduction and productivity construction ahead of schedule, it is common to apply horizontal wells in unconventional oil and gas reservoirs for early development. The geological uncertainties impact the drilling ratio of horizontal wells, increase operation risks and decrease drilling time efficiency. According to the concept of factorylike intensive well pattern, 3D extended reach well with complex trajectory is inevitable, making drilling operation more and more difficult. Practical operation indicates that trajectory optimization of horizontal well based on efficient geosteering method is the only way to diminish drilling risks, guarantee effective completion stimulation and realize beneficial development while ensuring the drilling ratio of sweet spots. 3D geosteering is a new-generation steering method which is developed according to the concept of geology-engineering integration, and its core lies in geosteering model reconstruction and high-precision 3D geological modeling. It maximizes the advantages of “well factory” and improves the model precision by means of horizontal wells, so as to provide the support for pre-drilling trajectory optimization, drilled formation anticipation and trajectory pre-adjustment. 3D geosteering is a process independent of LWD (logging while drilling) tool. With this technique, the drilling cost is reduced significantly, and satisfactory results are achieved in the practical drilling of shale gas or tight oil horizontal wells in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Wu Qi, Liang Xing, Xian Chenggang, Li Xun Geoscience-to-Production Integration Ensures Effective and Efficient South China Marine Shale Gas Development China Petroleum Exploration    2015, 20 (4): 1-23.   Abstract （2820）   HTML       Knowledge map    Save Shale gas development in Sichuan Basin and its adjacent areas can be difficult to apply as same mega-scale, high density and continuous and regular pad drilling as in North America (NA) because of significantly different surface and subsurface conditions than NA. In order to speed up development of marine shale gas in Sichuan Basin and its adjacent areas with minimized learning curve, this paper introduces geoscience-to-production integration of research, engineering and operation with its associated theory, methodology and workflow. Drilling Quality is firstly established because of significant challenges to drilling technologies and engineering, long well-construction cycle, and high overall cost of well. Together with Reservoir Quality and Completion Quality which are already applied in NA’s shales, the Quality Triangle is formed to respect the uniqueness of China ’.s shale plays. This Quality Triangle forms the basis for an innovative development workflow to implement geoscience-to-production integration of research, engineering and operation. In the rapid progress of factory drilling and completion of shale gas development, it aims to dynamically optimize both efficiency and effectiveness at single well, pad, and field scales with ensured systematically and continuously optimizing technologies and solutions, and accumulating knowledge and experiences in order to ultimately enhance well productivities. This paper summarizes the implementation and success of the described such into the Zhaotong Huangjinba National Shale Gas Demonstration Project. The success proves the essential valuesand general applicability of the proposed philosophy into other adjacent shale gas projects and even other unconventional blocks. Additionally, controlling factor of high productivity of the Longmaxi shale will be discussed based on currently available data and understanding. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Yang Lei, Jin Zhijun Global shale oil development and prospects China Petroleum Exploration    2019, 24 (5): 553-559.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2019.05.002 Abstract （2252）   HTML    PDF （455KB）（557）    Knowledge map    Save The development of global shale oil is an important reference to the development of shale oil in China. After systematically collecting data and researching, and analyzing the development history and key points of US shale oil, including the development process, how to reduce cost and increase production, technologies, development models, economics, and supporting policies, it is found that the development model of shale oil is different from conventional energy, and it is more dependent on technological progress, cost reduction and financial support, and similar to new energy development models to some extent, so development in the stage early needs more supports. The explosive increase of shale oil in the United States is driven by breakthroughs in geological theory and advances in development technologies. The most important is the rapid reduction of the cost for developing shale oil. This not only thanks to technological advances, but also is the result of innovative business models. The global shale oil resources are abundant, and many countries and regions, such as North America, Argentina, Russia, and China, all had good start. In the future, global shale oil production will continue to grow and is expected to exceed 1000×104bbl/d after 2025. According to the characteristics of shale oil in China, shale oil would be strategic successive resources in China. To increase investment in science and technology research and development, give supporting policies, and create favorable conditions to attract more investment will ensure the large-scale development of shale oil during the 14th Five-Year Plan. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Wang Xuejun, Yu Baoli, Zhao Xiaohui, Cai Xiling, Li Hong, Fang Yong, Liu Yulian Development and Application of “ 2W1H ” Technique in Oil and Gas Exploration China Petroleum Exploration    2015, 20 (5): 41-53.   Abstract （1789）   HTML       Knowledge map    Save The “2W1H ”(wide-band, wide azimuth and high-density) technique, a high-precision integration seismic exploration technology, presents requirements for matching theoretical concepts and technical processes from field data acquisition to data processing and interpretation. This paper provides basic definitions and technical specifications for the “2W1H ”technique, and points out its superior advantages in resolution, fidelity and inversion accuracy based on theoretical records and synthetic records. The technique can be used for description of reservoirs in areas with well-developed thin interbeds, prediction of fractures in areas with high anisotropy, and exploration of deeper targets or formations with special lithologic features. In addition, the technique may be used to enhance quality of structural mapping for formations with complicated structures. Application of the technique in 3 areas proved its importance in exploration, appraisal and development of complex oil/gas reservoirs. By enhancing quality of seismic data, the technique can effectively reflect configurations of complex reservoirs and distribution of fluids therein, so as to promote fidelity of the data. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Li Guoxin, Zhu Rukai Progress, challenges and key issues in the unconventional oil and gas development of CNPC China Petroleum Exploration    2020, 25 (2): 1-13.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2020.02.001 Abstract （2853）   HTML    PDF （1070KB）（160）    Knowledge map    Save Since the beginning of the 21st century, discoveries of global unconventional oil and gas have entered an active period. Production of tight oil/shale oil has increased rapidly, shale gas has continued to grow, tight gas and Coal Bed Methane (CBM) have been stable, and breakthroughs have been obtained in early production tests of natural gas hydrate (NGH). In recent years, significant progress has been made in exploration and development of unconventional oil and gas in China. The production of shale gas, tight oil, and tight gas have been increasing rapidly, and the exploration and development of shale oil have risen to a national strategic level. Tight oil and shale oil resources in the mining-rights blocks of the China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) are abundant. Recently, exploration discoveries and breakthroughs have been made in 11 blocks, and several large-scale productivity blocks have been preliminarily established. Pilot tests of in-situ conversion of shale oil with medium-low maturity have been carried out in the Ordos Basin, and the continental shale oil revolution is being actively promoted. Currently, external dependence on oil and gas is high in China, and demand is strong. However, due to the complicated geological conditions of continental facies, large-scale benefit development of unconventional oil and gas still faces a series of challenges in geological evaluation, sweet spot prediction, drilling and completion, oil and gas production technologies, economic evaluation, and management. In order to achieve benefit exploration and development of the unconventional oil and gas resources of CNPC, key issues should be focused on and diligently addressed, such as whole life cycle management, integration operation, big data application, appropriate production allocation strategy, technology and cost, marketization, and so on, to promote high-quality development in the unconventional oil and gas industry and thereby ensure national energy security. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Du Jinhu, Hu Suyun, Pang Zhenglian, Lin Senhu, Hou Lianhua, Zhu Rukai The types, potentials and prospects of continental shale oil in China China Petroleum Exploration    2019, 24 (5): 560-568.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2019.05.003 Abstract （1954）   HTML    PDF （9333KB）（99）    Knowledge map    Save In recent years, China’s oil dependence on foreign countries has been increasing year by year, and the national energy security is becoming more and more severe, while the“shale revolution”in North America is actively moving forward. In order to broaden oil and gas exploration and development, and to find successive resources for increasing crude oil reserves and production in China, the types, potentials and prospects of continental shale oil in China were investigated and analyzed systematically. The results show that the continental shale oil resources in China have four geological characteristics, and can be divided into two types in terms of maturity: medium-high maturity and medium-low maturity. Both of the two types have great potentials – the former is estimated to be about 200×108tons, and the latter has a great amount of technically recoverable, prospective resources in situ transform. In recent years, a lot of progress in shale oil exploration have been made. For the shale oil of medium-high maturity, exploration discoveries have been made in three types of shale accumulation: synchronogenic source - reservoir, separated source - reservoir and exclusive shale. For the shale oil of medium-low maturity, in situ transform technology is under development and pilot test. Finally, in view of the future development of continental shale oil, four risk points are put forward and corresponding countermeasures are proposed based on China’s national conditions and actual geological conditions. Comprehensive research concludes that industrial development of continental shale oil is expected and it will be an important successive resource for increasing crude oil reserves and production in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Sun Huanquan, Zhou Dehua, Cai Xunyu, Wang Feng, Feng Dongjun, Lu Ting Progress and prospects in shale gas development of Sinopec China Petroleum Exploration    2020, 25 (2): 14-26.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2020.02.002 Abstract （1944）   HTML    PDF （1031KB）（71）    Knowledge map    Save China is rich in geological shale gas resources. However, when compared with North America, these resources are characterized by greater geological age, deep burial depths, and high degrees of thermal evolution, as well as complex structures and surface conditions. It is therefore very challenging to achieve commercial development of shale gas in China. Since 2006, Sinopec’s shale gas exploration and development has experienced three stages: investigation and favorable area selection and evaluation; exploration breakthrough, and rapid progress of exploration and development. In 2012, major breakthroughs were made in marine shale gas exploration, and the first shale gas field in China, the Fuling shale gas field, was efficiently established. The commercial development of deep shale gas in the Weirong block has been achieved, and other exploration areas continuously expanded. The proven reserves and production of shale gas have been increasing rapidly. After more than 10 years of scientific and technological research, and development of major equipment, Sinopec has innovatively pioneered a fine description and comprehensive evaluation technology system for shale gas reservoirs, developed a stereoscopic development adjustment technology, and formed a series of supporting technologies for optimized fast drilling and long horizontal well staged fracturing in mountainous areas, as well as green development of gas fields. In the future, Sinopec will continue to strengthen geological evaluation and exploration, consolidate the resource base for sustainable development, adhere to the development idea of geology- engineering integration, strengthen the upgrading of technical equipment, promote cost decreasing and benefit increasing in the oil and gas industry by using big data and artificial intelligence, emphasize the integrated management of whole projects, and improve the development efficiency of shale gas, so as to achieve a steady increase in shale gas proven reserves and production of Sinopec. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Hu Wenrui Geology-engineering integration-a necessary way to realize profitable exploration and development of complex reservoir China Petroleum Exploration    2017, 22 (1): 1-5.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2017.01.001 Abstract （2062）   HTML    PDF （1703KB）（596）    Knowledge map    Save In recent years, as newly-discovered oil and gas resources become more and more inferior while old oil fields in China enter into the middle-later development stages, great challenges emerge to the exploration and development. Under this circumstance, new ideas, techniques and practices are urgently needed to solve these problems. Successful large-scale development of unconventional resources in the United States has significantly promoted the integrated innovation and development which combines multiple disciplines and multiple technologies. Accordingly, the geology-engineering integration is proposed in response to the challenges induced by current low oil price and the basic requirement of “profitable exploration and development”. This model represents a new way to realize profitable exploration and development of oil and gas fields (especially the unconventional and complex oil and gas fields) in China. The organization idea and operation pattern of such geology-engineering integration have been successfully applied in developing low-porosity and low-permeability reservoirs in the Kuqa area of the Tarim Basin in western China, the Sichuan Basin (marine shale gas), and central-eastern China. This paper described the concept, connotation, and applicable scope of the geology-engineering integration, and presented three prerequisites for implementing this model. Moreover, some suggestions were put forward for promoting the development of the geology-engineering integration. To be specific, in addition to expanding the application scope and scale, learning curve should be established to develop more pertinent technologies. Innovation should be made in management model of geology-engineering integration, and market-based and cross-enterprise coordination should be applied beyond traditional systems to integrate the advantages of technologies. In this way, it is expected to substantially enhance production and profitability of complex reservoirs in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Li Hong,Cai Xiling,Wang Xuejun,Guo Huiying,Qin Xiaohua and Wang Wei Massive Seismic Data Processing Scheme and Technology Development Trend    Abstract （1121）   HTML       Knowledge map    Save The present-day seismic data acquisition is characterized in massive seismic data, complex wave field and high-density spatial sampling. To design the indoor processing configuration for massive seismic data, improve efficiency of massive data processing and solve the bottlenecks of quality control in massive data processing and inadequacy of conventional process and technology, Research Institute of BGP has developed the method for rapid analysis and quality control under the condition of massive data processing, thus achieving effective compression of large dataset. Based on the current technological level in the related fields, this paper looks into the technological development trends, such as further tapping of data and information in massive data processing and analysis, data visualization and information merger, in the efforts to acquire a variety of information in the future processing large dataset. Related Articles | Metrics

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Li Yang, Xue Zhaojie, Cheng Zhe, Jiang Haijun, Wang Ruyue Progress and development directions of deep oil and gas exploration and development in China China Petroleum Exploration    2020, 25 (1): 45-57.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2020.01.005 Abstract （2656）   HTML    PDF （1027KB）（114）    Knowledge map    Save It is of great practical and strategic importance to march deeper into the earth to explore deep oil and gas resources and to build up a solid resource base for energy security in China. There is therefore also a pragmatic imperative to increase the intensity of oil and gas exploration and development in China. Based on an exhaustive summary of the global situation in deep oil and gas exploration and development, and the progress that has already been made by China, the development potential, key research fields and scientific and technological research directions of deep oil and gas in China are comprehensively analyzed in this paper. China is rich in deep oil and gas resources, but with a generally low degree of exploration and development. There are many promising exploration and development prospects with great resource potential, such as multiple source-reservoir-cap assemblages in the deep formations of superimposed basins in Central and Western China, deep lithological reservoirs and Pre-Mesozoic-Cenozoic buried-hill reservoirs in fault basins in Eastern China, deep shale gas, etc. These are the principal directions for future exploration and development. It is necessary to strengthen research on the accumulation mechanisms and distribution laws of deep oil and gas, as well as the flow mechanisms of deep fluids, and to carry out key technical research, such as deep target identification and prediction based on geophysics, optimized fast drilling under complex formation conditions, and stimulation technologies for complex reservoirs. At the same time, it is also necessary to vigorously promote innovation in management, further enhance cooperation between theory and technology and between enterprises and departments, and to strengthen the management and operation of exploration-development integration and geology-engineering integration. This will provide strong support for the efficient exploration and development of deep oil and gas resources. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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He Haiqing, Fan Tuzhi, Guo Xujie, Yang Tao, Zheng Min, Huang Fuxi, Gao Yang PetroChina: Major achievements in oil and gas exploration during the 13th Five-Year Plan period and development strategy for the 14th Five-Year Plan#br# period#br# China Petroleum Exploration    2021, 26 (1): 17-30.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2021.01.002 Abstract （2128）   HTML    PDF （4733KB）（699）    Knowledge map    Save During the 13th Five-Year Plan period, PetroChina made a number of significant achievements in geological theory and technological innovation, as well as breakthroughs and discoveries in oil and gas exploration and reserve increase, etc. This paper reviews and summarizes the company’s oil and gas exploration achievements and theoretical and technological progress during the 13th Five-Year Plan period and proposes development ideas and strategies for the 14th Five-Year Plan period. During the 13th Five-Year Plan period, PetroChina highlighted an innovative resource strategy, emphasizing efficient exploration, increasing risk exploration in new areas and new fields, concentrating exploration on key areas in major basins and fields, and strengthening integrated geological and targeted research. A series of innovative geological theories and understandings were developed and improved,including hydrocarbon accumulation in conglomerate reservoirs in sag areas, hydrocarbon accumulation in large-scale lithologic reservoirs in shallow water delta, “three paleo” controlling oil reservoirs in marine carbonate rocks, “fault karst” controlling the formation of oil and gas reservoirs in strike-slip fault areas, hydrocarbon accumulation in deep foreland thrust belts, “four elements” controlling shale oil reservoirs, “three elements” controlling the accumulation and enrichment of shale gas reservoirs,and “three elements” controlling the formation of deep volcanic rock gas reservoirs. A series of exploration and evaluation technologies were developed, such as 3D seismic acquisition, processing and interpretation technology for “double high” and “double complex” areas, drilling and completion technology for deep and ultra-deep formations, well testing technology for deep wells, and volume fracturing technology for long horizontal wells. During the 13th Five-Year Plan period, 34 major breakthroughs were made in the exploration fields of lithologic-stratigraphic reservoirs, marine carbonate rocks, foreland thrust belts, shale oil and gas, mature exploration areas and volcanic rocks in the Sichuan, Tarim, Junggar, Ordos, Songliao, Bohai Bay and other major basins. The historic long-term high-level growth of oil and gas reserves has laid a resource foundation for steadily increasing in oil production and rapid growth in natural gas production. During the 14th Five-Year Plan period, PetroChina will scientifically plan its strategic direction and the focus of oil and gas exploration to promote continuous large-scale increase of conventional oil and gas reserves and rapid development of unconventional resources in six major basins and five fields. The company will accelerate the implementation of large-scale increases in oil and gas reserves, actively prepare strategic replacement areas and major replacement fields, and consolidate the resource foundation for the company’s ongoing high-quality development. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Xie Yuhong New progress and prospect of oil and gas exploration of China National Offshore Oil Corporation China Petroleum Exploration    2018, 23 (1): 26-35.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2018.01.003 Abstract （2080）   HTML    PDF （2449KB）（756）    Knowledge map    Save In recent years, China National Offshore Oil Corporation (hereinafter referred to as CNOOC for short) has achieved fruitful oil and gas exploration results. Domestically, it sets up new record of oil and gas exploration discovery and its proved reserves has increased stably. It has acquired a series of major hydrocarbon exploration breakthroughs in the active fault belts in the Bohai Sea, the high temperature and high pressure areas in western South China Sea and the deep water areas of northern South China Sea. Abroad, its recoverable reserves of overseas exploration equity increases stably, and four large-scale reserve zones are formed, e.g. Sahara of North Africa and both sides of South Atlantic. As the progress of integrated exploration, development and production of unconventional oil and gas is sped up, its proved reserves and production increase fast. As for the domestic exploration in the near future, CNOOC will advance deep zone exploration in the Bohai Sea, proceed oil and gas exploration in the central south of the South China Sea in good time and make more efforts to research heavy oil reservoirs and low porosity-low permeability oil and gas reservoirs. And its overseas exploration will still follow the principle of operative exploration and stress strategic selection of potential areas so as to discover more and better quality reserves. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Liu Yaming Current State and Prospect of Heavy Oil Research China Petroleum Exploration    2010, 15 (5): 69-76,86.   Abstract （463）   HTML       Knowledge map    Save With the gradual growth in global energy demand, energy supply has become a global strategic issue. It becomes more and more prominent that heavy oil is acting as an alternative energy with the gradual reduction of conventional oil and gas reserves. To take advantage of the research status of heavy oil's exploration and development, and thus to grasp the trend of their development, in this paper, survey and study are conducted based on a large number of research results of heavy oil including domestic and foreign research results. The definition, distribution, reservoir characteristics, formation and evolution, development techniques and upgrading techniques of heavy oil are summarized and a brief prospect of possible breakthroughs made in the is made. The research results may be good reference to the exploration and development of heavy oil. Related Articles | Metrics

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Jia Xiaole, He Dengfa, Tong Xiaoguang and Wang Zhaoming Distribution of Global Giant Oil and Gas Fields China Petroleum Exploration    2011, 16 (3): 1-7,6.   Abstract （737）   HTML       Knowledge map    Save Based on one by one anatomical and statistical analysis of 1021 giant oil and gas fields all over the world, this paper analyzes their discovery age, oil and gas properties and geographical location, reservoir geological age, lithology, depth, trap type, scale of reserves, and basin type, sums up their major distribution characteristics, puts forward the concept of petroleum domain, and expounds their distribution in eight petroleum domains all over the world. The study shows that there are 609 giant oilfields all over the world and they concentrate in the Middle East. There are 412 giant gas fields and they concentrate in Eastern Europe, Middle Asia and Russia. Giant oil and gas fields are mostly distributed in Asia, Oceania and Middle East, followed by Europe. The discovery of global giant oil and gas fields peaked from 1960 to 1990, and there are also many giant ones found in following two decades. They mainly occurred in Mesozoic strata, and next is Cenozoic. Oil and gas are rich in sandstone and secondly in carbonate, but the reserves are higher in carbonate reservoirs. Giant oil and gas fields mainly concentrate at a depth within three kilometers, and the trap type is mainly structural. From the analysis of ultimate recoverable reserves, it is concluded that oil and gas resources are rich in the Middle East, and there are huge reserves of oil and gas found in Venezuela’s Orinoco Belt. The main types of basins in which giant oil and gas fields lie are Class Ⅱ and Ⅰbasins in accordance with the Bally Basin classification mode, ClassⅡ basins in accordance with the Klemme Basin classification mode, and ClassⅡ and Ⅰ basins in accordance with theMann Basin classification mode. Tethyan petroliferous domain has the richest oil and gas. According to the distribution of giant oil and gas fields, emphasis should be laid on the exploration in Arctic petroliferous domains, heavy oil belt, deep water area, and lithologic traps in the future, and there would be a great breakthrough. Related Articles | Metrics

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Wang Yongtao, Chen Gao, He Zhanxiang, Liu Haibo and Li Suozhen China Petroleum Exploration    2008, 13 (3): 50-54,10.   Abstract （270）   HTML       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Wang Wenli Difficulties and Development Trend of Exploration in Deep and Ultra-deep WaterArea China Petroleum Exploration    2010, 15 (4): 71-75,10.   Abstract （470）   HTML       Knowledge map    Save Exploration and development of oil and gas resources in deep sea area is an important foremost position of petroleum industry. Deep water operation is more risky as compared with exploration and drilling operation in continental shelf and onshore. Exploration and development in deep and ultra-deep water area must depend on advanced technologies and strong economic strength. This paper analyzes the technical aspect of exploration and development in deep sea area worldwide and the difficulties in drilling and exploration as well as development, building of oil platform, prediction and avoidance of natural disaster, points out many challenges including peculiar marine environment, complex oil and gas reservoir storage, efficient and secure technical support and equipment support as well as logistical service with facing deep sea drilling in the future, makes a comparative analysis of international and domestic technology gap in this field, briefly introduces the problems in China's offshore oil and gas exploration and development, and proposes some suggestions to improve China's capability in deep sea exploration Related Articles | Metrics

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Feng Jianhui, Cai Xunyu, Mou Zehui, Gao Shanlin Oil and gas exploration of China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation during the 12 th Five-Year Plan and the prospect for the 13 th Five-Year Plan China Petroleum Exploration    2016, 21 (3): 1-13.   Abstract （1523）   HTML    PDF （3390KB）（450）    Knowledge map    Save China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation (“Sinopec”) has been highlighting the resource strategy and transforming the development mode since the initiation of the “12th Five-Year Plan”. In the past period, for purpose of efficient exploration, Sinopec made deeper researches on hydrocarbon accumulation in structures like marine carbonate, foreland thrust belts, vast lithologic-stratigraphic reservoirs, and marine deep gas and shale gas formations. Through continuously working on bottleneck technologies, Sinopec has developed a series of characteristic techniques for data acquisition and processing, optimal and fast drilling of extra-deep wells, and complicated reservoirs and reservoir evaluation. With these supporting technologies, Sinopec achieved great breakthroughs and progress in large-scale petroliferous basins like Sichuan, Ordos, Tarim, Junggar, Bohai Bay and East China Sea, and realized the goal of basically stable development of oil and rapid development of gas. During the 13th Five-Year Plan, under the new normal of economy and the increasingly complicated internal and external environments, Sinopec will have a long way to go for exploration. Currently, Sinopec’s prospects in the eastern China stay in a stable development stage, with an average proven rate of oil resources of 46.4%, and its prospects in the central and western China are still in the early exploration stage, where abundant potential resources provide the basis for sustainable development. By continuing the resource strategy, Sinopec will focus on large-scale basins to make great breakthroughs and discoveries and insist fine exploration in mature blocks to realize large-scale commercial discoveries. Moreover, Sinopec will promote efficient exploration by theoretical, technical and management innovations, so as to make new contributions to the sustainable development of Sinopec and guaranteeing the national energy security. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Wang Xishuang,Zhao Bangliu,Dong Shitai,Zhang Yan,Yi Weiqi and Xu Guangcheng Challenges and Strategies for Large Seismic Exploration Data of Oil and Gas Industry    Abstract （1217）   HTML       Knowledge map    Save The single sensor high-density seismic technology has been put into wide application thanks to continual improvement of oil and gas exploration and development accuracy. The era for large seismic exploration data of oil and gas industry is coming unexpectedly, thus leading to a series of challenges for field seismic data acquisition, quality control, data processing and information study. The past seismic acquisition management pattern and data processing and interpretation environment are obviously out of date. Focusing on the issues facing oil and natural gas seismic exploration data, this paper proposes a series of technological strategies, such as use of light seismic instruments, quantification of quality control, high-efficiency acquisition of controllable source and further study of data, in cope with the challenges facing large seismic exploration data. Related Articles | Metrics

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Hou Qijun, He Haiqing, Li Jianzhong, Yang Tao Recent progress and prospect of oil and gas exploration by PetroChina Company Limited China Petroleum Exploration    2018, 23 (1): 1-13.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2018.01.001 Abstract （3255）   HTML    PDF （3448KB）（887）    Knowledge map    Save In recent two years, PetroChina Company Limited (hereinafter referred to as PetroChina for short) has made 12 important exploration progresses in domestic oil and gas exploration in clastic rocks, marine carbonate rocks, foreland thrust belts, lacustrine carbonate rocks, mature fields and unconventional oil and gas fields. Based on comprehensive analysis of PetroChina own oil and gas resources, remaining oil and gas resources and their exploration degree, and the influence of geological understanding and exploration technology on oil and gas exploration, this paper concludes that the prospect of domestic oil and gas exploration is still promising, but also faces many challenges, such as complex underground conditions, deeper burial depths and poorer quality of remaining resources. In the future, on the assumption of long-term low oil prices, PetroChina will adhere to the strategies of resources and innovation, follow the principle of efficient exploration, focus on "four types of exploration" and strengthen "three fields of innovation", so as to make new discoveries and breakthroughs in oil and gas exploration for sustainable and steady development. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Li Guoxin, Lei Zhengdong, Dong Weihong, Wang Hongyan, Zheng Xingfan, Tan Jian Progress, challenges and prospects of unconventional oil and gas development of CNPC China Petroleum Exploration    2022, 27 (1): 1-11.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.01.001 Abstract （1693）   HTML    PDF （1156KB）（80）    Knowledge map    Save The China National Petroleum Corporation Limited (CNPC) has preliminarily achieved the large-scale production of unconventional oil and gas. However, considering its abundant resources, the output still has great potential for improvement. The exploration and development progress of unconventional oil and gas of CNPC during the 13 th Five-Year Plan period is summarized, and unconventional oil and gas development trend in the 14 th Five-Year Plan period is discussed. On this basis, the main challenges and key problems are analyzed,and strategies are put forward to promote the high-efficiency development of unconventional oil and gas of CNPC. The results show that: (1) During the 13 th Five-Year Plan period, CNPC has gradually focused on low-grade resources represented by unconventional oil and gas; (2) During the 14 th Five-Year Plan period, the proportion of unconventional oil and gas production will further increase, and production capacity in key areas will grow rapidly; (3) Four aspects of challenges, such as the technology, cost, management and idea, are faced with high-efficiency development of unconventional oil and gas. In view of the above challenges, six key countermeasures are proposed: (1) Properly understand the unconventional resources; (2) Implement the engineering management concept and mode of “one engine with six drives”; (3) Improve management rules and assessment methods; (4) Fully use the big data platform; (5) Effectively promote market-oriented business operation and socialized services; (6) Formulate rational policies for unconventional resource development. The above measures will enable CNPC to promote the high-quality development of its unconventional oil and gas business and contribute to “ensuring the rice bowl of energy firmly in our own hands” by developing the unconventional oil and gas. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Li Haowu and Tong Xiaoguang Exploration PotentialAnalysis ofOil andGas Resource s inArctic Regions China Petroleum Exploration    2010, 15 (3): 73-82,8.   Abstract （546）   HTML       Knowledge map    Save The Arctic Regions have large area, harsh natural climatic conditions, complicated geological and tectonic evolution conditions and low-level gross exploration. The assessment made by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) shows that the Arctic Regions have abundant oil and gas resources. Vendian Baikalian, Late Devonian Ellesmerian, and Middle Cretaceous Brookian orogeneses are the three major tectonic events in the Paleozoic stratigraphy and deformation history of the Eastern Arctic Region. In general, the period from Triassic to Jurassic in Branchian Sea and most areas of Northern Siberia is characterized by tectonic subsidence, during the period major hydrocarbon sources rocks and reservoirs deposited in the Arctic Regions. Intercontinental deformation of Paleogene-Neogene is related to the Pacific plate subduction, the Indian plate collides with the Eurasian plate, and the North Atlantic rifting plays an important role in the trap formation of the Arctic Regions. Northern waters of the Siberian Basin are essentially forward areas, the Pokur group between the Upper Aptian Stage and the Cenomanian State of Cretaceous has the greatest potential, many huge anticlinal gas reservoir have not been drilled, and at the same time there is great potential in discovering large-scale lithologic oil and gas reservoirs. Middle and Lower Jurassic large gas fields are one of the important potential exploration targets. Due to the harsh natural conditions, the exploration potential of the eastern Branchian Sea mainly concentrates in the Jurassic inversion anticlines which have not been drilled and partly explored, so it is almost improbable to find gas pools and condensate pools with huge reserves, simple structure, and of commercial exploitation value. Many reservoirs and hydrocarbon source rocks developed in the East Greenland Rift Basin, and there are huge potential to find fault block traps. The Arctic Regions are peaceful politically, which provides opportunities for oil and gas exploitation in the region. However, the oil price volatility, the geological uncertainty and ecological vulnerability are great challenges to the Arctic oil and gas development. Related Articles | Metrics

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Liu Henian, Shi Buqing, Xue Liangqing, Wan Lunkun, Pan Xiaohua, Ji Zhifeng, Li Zhi, Ma Hong, Fan Guozhang Major achievements of CNPC overseas oil and gas exploration during the 13th Five-Year Plan and prospects for the future China Petroleum Exploration    2020, 25 (4): 1-10.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2020.04.001 Abstract （1908）   HTML    PDF （1008KB）（36）    Knowledge map    Save During the period of the 13th Five-Year Plan, oil prices have remained continuously low and the global investment environment has become increasingly complicated. This has raised major issues for CNPC overseas oil and gas exploration, including the issue of how to adapt to complex internal and external environments as quickly as possible and how to achieve accurate deployment and benefit exploration. The company has proposed a robust deployment strategy of focusing on benefits, seeking large-scale, high-quality, rapidly-recoverable reserves, and carrying out risk exploration and fine exploration. A series of effective exploration management measures have gradually been developed. These include: innovating and implementing an integrated research organization mode of “industry-college-institute-application cooperation”, optimizing decision-making processes at headquarters level, integrating exploration-development-engineering, strengthening international cooperation in deep-water exploration, and screening large basins globally to identify new exploration projects. Between 2016 and 2019, CNPC overseas oil and gas exploration made 12 major breakthroughs and strategic discoveries as a result of implementation of these measures. Discoveries have been made in several fields in mature exploration areas through fine exploration. Cumulative proven oil and gas geological reserves are more than 10×108 t oil equivalent, the discovery cost per barrel oil is less than $2/bbl, and the average success rate of exploration wells is 76%. At present, CNPC overseas oil and gas exploration still faces challenges such as continuously low international oil prices, a sharp decrease in exploration projects, increasingly fierce competition for new blocks, the inferior quality of conventional oil and gas resources, and increasingly complex exploration objects. The company also has comparatively weak capacity for independent exploration and development of deep-water oil and gas. However, There are still rich undiscovered oil and gas resources around the world. Cross-border integration of advanced technologies will transform exploration concepts and technological innovations, so the prospects for overseas oil and gas exploration are broad and promising. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Xian Chenggang, Zhang Jiehui, Chen Xin, Liang Xing, Wen Heng, Wang Gaocheng Application of geomechanics in geology-engineering integration China Petroleum Exploration    2017, 22 (1): 75-88.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2017.01.010 Abstract （1941）   HTML    PDF （5421KB）（443）    Knowledge map    Save A shale gas field at southern margin of the Sichuan Basin commenced production in 2014. For assuring its engineering efficiency and development benefit, it is critical to accurately understand the geomechanics law and its application in various scales. Accordingly, 3D geomechanics models were built in the scales of the whole study area and the platform. These models are high-resolution models based on structure, geology, attributes and multi-scale natural fractures. Core, well logging and seismic data were used to finely describe the mechanical parameters, and a set of methods for establishing 3D pore pressure model for shale gas field was established. Advanced finite element simulator and large-scale parallel computing technology were applied to establish 3D stress field models with different planar resolutions for the whole study area and the platform. In order to accurately characterize the vertical heterogeneity of shale, the models are designed with a resolution of 0.5 m thick in target layers. Various data were utilized for quality control and calibration of these models, and new data were timely used to continually update these models. The accuracies of these models can reflect the direction, size, heterogeneity and anisotropy of the stress. The results show that in-situ stresses vary greatly at platforms, between wells and along the horizontal well sections. Such complex variations are the consequent reflections of rock textures (e.g. structural form, and multi-scale fracture system) and rock composition in various scales. These geomechanics models can meet various requirements for scale and accuracy in different applications in either the whole study area or any single well. The whole-area model can be used to optimize platform location and well location deployment, to evaluate the geologic storage capacity and resources, and to assess the mechanical stability of faults and fractured belts. The high-resolution platform model can be applied in analyzing borehole stability, managing drilling in real-time manner, optimizing fracturing design, and making post-frac comprehensive evaluation. These geomechanics models have been successfully integrated in the practices of geology-engineering integration. By iterative updating and in-time application, they facilitate the engineering efficiency and development benefits. The establishment of large-scale geomechanics models for development of shale gas fields, recording the first time in China, provides references for future operations. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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He Haiqing and Li Jianzhong PetroChina ’s Oil and Gas Exploration Results, New Geological Theories and Technological Achievements Since 11th Five-Year Plan Period China Petroleum Exploration

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Du Jinhu, Shi Fugeng, Zhang Zhonghong, Wang Tiecheng, Ding Jianyu Research and practice of Dream Cloud for petroleum exploration and development of PetroChina China Petroleum Exploration    2020, 25 (1): 58-66.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2020.01.006 Abstract （1970）   HTML    PDF （2683KB）（29）    Knowledge map    Save With the scale application of the Internet of Things, and the rapid expansion of cloud computing, big data and artificial intelligence technology, the development of information technology has entered a new era of intelligence sharing. The study and construction of a unified digital and intelligent platform, acceleration of the transformation of digitalization and intelligence, and reacting to changes in business requirements efficiently and flexibly, have become urgent tasks for the informatization of exploration and development. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the issues involved, analyze the background and significance of research on PetroChina’s ‘Dream Cloud’ system for exploration and development, introduce the basic principles and overall design scheme of Dream Cloud, elaborate key technical research topics such as the Dream Cloud platform, data link lake, capability of data middle platform, application store, artificial intelligence application, etc., and also summarize construction achievements and application scenario cases of the Dream Cloud platform, data link lake and a series of associated general applications. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Xie Jun, Zhang Haomiao, She Chaoyi, Li Qirong, Fan Yu, Yang Yang Practice of geology-engineering integration in Changning State Shale Gas Demonstration Area China Petroleum Exploration    2017, 22 (1): 21-28.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2017.01.004 Abstract （1952）   HTML    PDF （16196KB）（531）    Knowledge map    Save In the Sichuan Basin, the geologic survey on shale gas began in 2006, the construction of the state shale gas demonstration area commenced in 2012, and large-scale productivity construction was carried out in 2014. Through a series of systematic researches, the concept of integration has been actively practiced, and the innovative applicability model has been built for shale gas exploration and development. Accordingly, a geology-engineering integration platform has been created, and an intelligent shale gas field has been set up. Guided by the concept of geology-engineering integration, the Changning State Shale Gas Demonstration Area with a comprehensive productivity of 15×10 8 m 3/a has been built, which provides a new direction, new idea, new path and new prospect for CNPC's green and efficient development of shale gas. With referent to the successful unconventional oil and gas development in North America, and depending on the complex surface and subsurface conditions in the Sichuan Basin, the large-scale development of shale gas was realized, and the comprehensive benefit was continuously enhanced, through a series of deployment and exploratory attempts. In this process, a set of relatively complete and specific development model for marine shale gas in China was formed. This model has facilitated the Changning State Shale Gas Demonstration Area to become an outstanding area in China for unconventional oil and gas exploitation, with its single-well productivity gradually improved and comprehensive benefit steadily optimized. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Zhang Kang and Men Xiangyong Analysis and Strategy of China ’s Undeveloped Oil Reserves    Abstract （1154）   HTML       Knowledge map    Save China ’s proven and undeveloped oil reserves increase with time but the undeveloped rate does not change significantly. As of the end of 2013, the undeveloped reserves in the country ’s oil in place are 85.11×10 8t and the undeveloped rate is 21.9 percent. The undeveloped reserves in the country ’s recoverable reserves are 10.71×10 8t and the undeveloped rate is 12.5 percent. Based on the analysis of the undeveloped reserves distributed in different basins, owned by different companies and belonging to different types of oil and gas fields, this paper proposes to use new mindset and new technology to solve the issues related to undeveloped oil reserves: (1) Undeveloped oil reserve is a realistic area to increase oil production; (2) Re-evaluate the dynamic and current conditions of proven reserves; (3) Application of suitable technology holds the key to development. So far as the suitable technology is concerned, it is necessary to stress the uniqueness of each block of undeveloped reserve, launch a new round of accurate seismic survey, appropriately introduce tight oil and gas drilling technology and reservoir transformation technology, and push ahead with heavy oil development. The advanced methods should be used for development of oil fields of medium and small sizes while importance is attached to development of condensate oil and gas fields. Finally, the paper proposes that if China ’s three major oil companies want to concentrate their efforts to increase oil production in their business development, they should appropriately reduce the areas of their exploration blocks and concentrate their efforts to improve recovery factor of the developed oil fields and energetically put undeveloped reserves into production for higher investment returns and economic performance. Related Articles | Metrics

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Zhao Wanjin, Li Hailiang and Yang Wuyang Status and Evolution of Geophysical Exploration Technology for Unconventional Oil and Gas in China China Petroleum Exploration    2012, 17 (4): 36-40,6.   Abstract （604）   HTML       Knowledge map    Save There are abundant unconventional oil and gas resources in China, and they feature in multiple reservoir types, low porosity, and low permeability. At present, some unconventional geophysical techniques are mainly used for exploration, such as the crack detection technique, the seismic attributes and inversion techniques. Because the lithological characteristics and reservoir accumulation conditions are more complicated, the application of conventional geophysical exploration techniques is difficult, for example, rock physics analysis is single relatively, conventional seismic imaging techniques could not meet the demand of exploration, and reservoir modeling is simple, etc. Now a series of new techniques and new methods have been initially applied to unconventional oil and gas exploration, for instance, million-channel seismograph and digital geophone are applied to acquisition, wave equation prestack reverse time migration techniques are applied to imaging, and full-waveform inversion techniques are used for constructing accurate velocity field, etc. At last, this paper put forward some suggestions for speeding up the development of Chinese unconventional oil and gas geophysical exploration techniques in terms of hardware and software facilities, research on new technical methods and their application Related Articles | Metrics

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Fu Jinhua, Niu Xiaobing, Dan Weidong, Feng Shengbin, Liang Xiaowei, Xin Honggang, You Yuan The geological characteristics and the progress on exploration and development of shale oil in Chang7 Member of Mesozoic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2019, 24 (5): 601-614.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2019.05.007 Abstract （1097）   HTML    PDF （3827KB）（8）    Knowledge map    Save Rich unconventional petroleum resources are developed in the Chang 7 Member of the Mesozoic Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin. At present, there are still disputes on whether it is tight oil or shale oil. According to the current situation at home and abroad, and its geological characteristics, we call it shale oil in this paper, i.e. the Chang 7 Member of Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin shale oil refers to the oil accumulation in tight sandstone and shale in the Chang 7 Member source rocks, which was formed without a long-distance migration. Depending on lithologic association and other factors, the shale oil reservoirs are classified into 3 types as multiphase sand overlay type (type I), shale interbedded with thin sandstone type (type II) and pure shale (type III). According to the comprehensive geological study, Chang 7 shale oil is characterized by the following: sand-mud reservoir with large area distribution, dense reservoir with good fluidity, high oil saturation, light oil, high gas-oil ratio, shallow burial, and large quantity of resources, etc. In recent years, through seismic survey, well logging, research on engineering and development technologies, achievements on exploration and development of shale oil in Chang 7 Member are achieved, such as: defined the scale reservoir area of type I shale oil, and 3 pilot areas for horizontal well development of type I shale oil were constructed; for type II and type III shale oil, production of oil was achieved through vertical well exploration; the scale development of type I shale oil has achieved remarkable results, and shale oil of Chang 7 Member has become an important resource guarantee for the "second acceleration" development of Changqing oilfield. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Chen Zongqing Exploration for Natural Gas in Middle Permian Maokou Formation of Sichuan Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2007, 12 (5): 1-11,78.   Abstract （483）   HTML       Knowledge map    Save Maokou Formation is one of the major pay zones of Sichuan Basin, in which there are Yangxin Series and Silurian potential source rock. Cracks, pores, and caves are dominant reservoir space of the Formation. In particular, corrosion caves developed from surface Palaeokarst generated after Dongwu Movement are widely distributed in the Formation. Now 99 wells have been drilled in Luzhou Paleouplift area, with the ratio drilled being 9.94% and even reaching as high as 11.35% thanks to repeated borehole drilling.Without the limit of region and structure, venting thickness ranges from 0.1m to 1.0m, with the maximum reaching 3.95m. Venting also exists in synclines, of which the exploration area is more extensive than that of structural traps. Development shows that it is better to cumulatively produce gas in Palaeokarst reservoirs which are well connected with fractured gas reservoirs. Networks consisting of Palaeokarst pores and caves interweave with networks developed from the connection between Palaeokarst reservoirs and fractured gas reservoirs. The interweaving is the best. So research on seismic reflection data should be intensified to find out such types of network systems. Related Articles | Metrics

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Jia Xiaole, He Dengfa and Tong Xiaoguang Formation and distribution of giant oil and gas fi elds in Zagros Foreland Basin China Petroleum Exploration    2013, 18 (5): 54-67.   Abstract （806）   HTML       Knowledge map    Save Oil and gas resources are rich in Zagros Foreland Basin. The research on giant oil and gas fi elds in Zagros Foreland Basin will enrich petroleum geology theory of foreland basins, and can also provide reference basis for oil and gas exploration in foreland basins. Based on the data of discovered 60 giant oil and gas fi elds in Zagros Foreland Basin, this paper applies the concept and analytical method of petroleum system, dissects giant oil and gas fi elds one by one, and probes into the formation and distribution of giant oil and gas fi elds in the basin. The study shows that the source rocks of giant oil and gas fi elds are Lower Silurian Gahkum Formation, Lower Cretaceous Garau Formation, Middle Cretaceous Kazhdumi Formation, Palaeocene and Eocene Pabdeh Formation. The reservoir rocks of giant oil and gas fi elds are limestone of Oligocene and Lower Miocene Asmari Formation, limestone of Middle Cretaceous Albian and Turonian Bangestan Group, limestone of Triassic Dashtak Formation and Kangan Formation, and limestone of Permian Dalan Formation. Giant oil and gas fi elds are controlled by Miocene Gachasaran Formation evaporite rock seal and Upper Cretaceous Gurpi Formation mudstone. They accumulate in folded anticlinal trap. Giant oil and gas fi elds are mainly distributed in Iran, Iraq and Syria. Big discoveries were made from 1960 to 1979. Oil and gas are rich in the layer of Mesozoic and Cenozoic. The lithology of reservoir is mainly carbonate rock which is buried at a depth less than 3km, and the reserves are less than 1×1010bbl. The factors controlling the distribution of giant oil and gas fi elds are the formation and evolution history of basin and the evolution history before basining, the organic type of source rock, the thermal evolution and distribution, the favorable reservoiring conditions, the high-quality region and direct cap rock, and the folded anticlinal traps favorable for hydrocarbon accumulation and the fracturing pathway favorable for vertical hydrocarbon migration that formed in the process of Neocene orogenic activity and folding. These factors control the distribution area and the accumulation layer of oil and gas. Related Articles | Metrics

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Du Jinhu, He Haiqing, Yang Tao, Li Jianzhong, Huang Fuxi, Guo Bincheng and Yan Weipeng Progress in China ’s Tight Oil Exploration and Challenges China Petroleum Exploration