鄂尔多斯盆地延长探区陆相页岩气勘探开发进展、挑战与展望

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2020.02.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 鄂尔多斯盆地为大型富油气叠合盆地，发育二叠系和三叠系多套页岩层系，陆相页岩气资源丰富。相比较于海相页岩，陆相页岩存在较多特殊性，其勘探开发面临诸多挑战，制约陆相页岩气难以实现经济开采，在地质特征、资源背景及勘探开发技术等方面对鄂尔多斯盆地页岩气勘探开发实践中取得的成果进行归纳，对目前的技术难点进行分析，以期在陆相页岩气发展进程中，有效利用机遇及时应对挑战。综合分析认为：延长探区陆相页岩厚度、有机碳含量、成熟度、含气量等参数达到国家标准规定的页岩气有利层段参数下限标准，具备页岩气成藏地质条件；陆相页岩气在宏观和微观非均质条件控制下，相态和规模上具有差异性富集特征，存在吸附成藏和吸附+ 游离复合成藏2 类成藏模式，不同成藏机理指导陆相页岩气有利区优选及页岩气井生产。陆相页岩气勘探实践中形成多项关键配套工艺技术，建立起适用于强非均质性陆相页岩的测井评价方法，研发出适用于陆相页岩的水基钻井液体系和系列钻完井配套技术装备，形成CO2 压裂技术体系和井场废液回收处理—利用技术。同时，面临精细“甜点”预测、钻井提速提效、压裂环保增效、降低成本等诸多挑战。目前我国陆相页岩气仍处于勘探开发初期，成本高，初期产量低，还需通过开展陆相页岩气勘探开发先导性试验，实现科技突破，形成资源接替，促进陆相页岩气产业取得经济效益。

关键词: 鄂尔多斯盆地, 延长探区, 陆相页岩气, 勘探开发进展, 挑战, 展望

Abstract: As a large oil and gas-rich superimposed basin, the Ordos basin develops multiple sets of Permian and Triassic continental shale strata and is abundant in shale gas resources. Compared with marine shale, continental shale is more complicated, and there are many challenges during its exploration and development which restrict its economic exploitation. In this paper, achievements in the practice of continental shale gas exploration and development in the Ordos basin are summarized in terms of geological characteristics, resources background, and exploration and development technologies. In addition, the current technical difficulties of continental shale gas development are analyzed in order to effectively, and in a timely manner, utilize opportunities and approach challenges in the development process. According to comprehensive analysis, shale gas parameters in the Yanchang exploration area, such as continental shale thickness, total organic carbon content, maturity, and gas content, are above the lower limit for favorable shale gas intervals stipulated by national standards, so the continental shale in the basin possesses the geological conditions for gas accumulation. Under the control factors of macro and micro heterogeneity, continental shale gas has different enrichment characteristics in terms of phase state and scale. There are two types of accumulation modes; adsorption gas accumulation, and adsorption + free gas composite accumulation. Understanding of the different accumulation mechanisms guides the selection of favorable zones and production from continental shale gas wells. A number of key supporting technologies have been formed during the practice of continental shale gas exploration. Logging evaluation methods suitable for strongly heterogeneous continental shale have been established. A water-based drilling fluid system and a series of supporting equipment for drilling and completion have been developed. A CO2 fracturing technology system and wellsite waste fluid recovery and treatment- utilization technology have also been formed. Meanwhile, there are still many challenges in terms of precise prediction of “sweet spots”, acceleration and efficiency of drilling, environmental protection, efficiency of fracturing, and cost reduction. At present, the exploration and development of continental shale gas in China is still in an early stage, with high costs and low initial production. It is still necessary to carry out pilot tests of exploration and development to achieve scientific and technological breakthroughs, develop continental shale gas as a resource replacement, and promote the continental shale gas industry to obtain economic benefits.

中图分类号:

杜燕, 刘超, 高潮, 郭超, 刘刚, 徐杰, 薛培. 鄂尔多斯盆地延长探区陆相页岩气勘探开发进展、挑战与展望[J]. 中国石油勘探, 2020, 25(2): 33-42.

Du Yan, Liu Chao, Gao Chao, Guo Chao, Liu Gang, Xu Jie, Xue Pei. Progress, challenges and prospects for continental shale gas exploration and development in the Yanchang exploration area of the Ordos Basin[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2020, 25(2): 33-42.

参考文献

[1] 王香增. 鄂尔多斯盆地东南部中生界野外露头剖面( 图册) 及其地质解释[M]. 西安：西北大学出版社，2012. Wang Xiangzeng Mesozoic out crop in southeastern of Ordos Basin (Atlas) and its geological interpretation[M]. Xi’an: Northwestern University Press, 2012.
[2] 王香增. 陕西延长石油( 集团) 有限责任公司油气勘探开发进展与展望[J]. 中国石油勘探，2018,23(1):36-42. Wang Xiangzeng. Advances and prospects in oil and gas exploration and development of Shanxi Yanchang Petroleum (Group) Co.,Ltd[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2018, 23(1):36-42.
[3] 王香增. 延长石油集团非常规天然气勘探开发进展[J]. 石油学报， 2016,37(1):137-145. Wang Xiangzeng. Advance in unconventional gas exploration and development of Yanchang Petroleum Group [J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2016,37(1):137-145.
[4] 王香增. 陆相页岩气[M]. 北京: 石油工业出版社，2014. Wang Xiangzeng. Lacustrine shale gas [M]. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press, 2014.
[5] 邹才能，陶士振，白斌，杨智，朱如凯，侯连华，等. 论非常规油气与常规油气的区别和联系[J]. 中国石油勘探，2015,20(1):1-16. Zou Caineng, Tao Shizhen, Bai Bin, Yang Zhi, Zhu Rukai, Hou Lianhua, et al . Differences and relations between unconventional and conventional oil and gas[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2015,2(1):1-16.
[6] 王香增，张金川，曹金舟，张丽霞，唐玄，林腊梅，等. 陆相页岩气资源评价初探：以延长直罗—下寺湾区中生界长7 段为例[J]. 地学前缘，2012,19(2):192-197. Wang Xiangzeng, Zhang Jinchuan, Cao Jinzhou, Zhang Lixia, Tang Xuan, Lin Lamei, et al . A preliminary discussion on evaluation of continental shale gas resources: a case study of Chang 7 of Mesozoic Yanchang Formation in Zhiluo-Xiasiwan area of Yanchang [J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2012,19(2): 192-197.
[7] 王香增，高胜利，高潮. 鄂尔多斯盆地南部中生界陆相页岩气地质特征[J]. 石油勘探与开发，2014,41(3):294-304. Wang Xiangzeng, Gao Shengli, Gao Chao. Geological features of Mesozoic continental shale gas in south of Ordos Basin[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2014,41(3):294-304.
[8] 王香增，张丽霞，高潮. 鄂尔多斯盆地下寺湾地区延长组页岩气储层非均质性特征[J]. 地学前缘，2016,23(1):134-145. Wang Xiangzeng, Zhang Lixia, Gao Chao. The heterogeneity of shale gas reservoir in Yanchang Formation, Xiasiwan area, Ordos Basin[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2016,23(1):134-145.
[9] 杨智, 付金华, 郭秋麟, 林森虎, 陈宁生, 潘松析, 等. 鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组陆相致密油发现、特征及潜力[[J]. 中国石油勘探,2017,22(6):9-15. Yang Zhi, Fu Jinhua, Guo Qiulin, Lin Senhu, Chen Ningsheng, Pan Songqi, et al . Discovery characteristics and resource potential of continental tight oil in Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2017, 22(6):9-15.
[10] 付金华，喻建，徐黎明，牛小兵，冯胜斌，王秀娟，等. 鄂尔多斯盆地致密油勘探开发进展及规模富集可开发主控因素[J].中国石油勘探， 2015,20(5):9-19. Fu Jinhua, Yu Jian, Xu Liming, Niu Xiaobing, Feng Shengbin, Wang Xiujuan, et al . New progress in exploration and development of tight oil in Ordos Basin and main controlling factors of large-scale enrichment and exploitable capacity[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2015,20(5):9-19.
[11] 杜燕，于波，徐敏. 伊陕斜坡东南部延长组页岩气地球化学特征分析[J]. 西安科技大学学报，2015,35(1):63-71. Du Yan, Yu Bo, Xu Min. Geochemical characteristics of shale from Yanchang Formation in southeastern Yishan Slope[J]. Journal of Xi’an University of Science and Technology, 2015, 35(1):63-71.
[12] 孙建博，孙兵华，赵谦平，姜呈馥，刘刚，尹锦涛，等. 鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区延长组长7 湖相页岩油地质特征及勘探潜力评价[J]. 中国石油勘探，2018,23(6):29-37. Sun Jianbo, Sun Binghua, Zhao Qianping, Jiang Chengfu, Liu Gang, Yin Jintao, et al . Geological characteristics and exploration potential evaluation of Chang 7 lacustrine shale oil in Yanchang Formation, Fuxian area, Ordos Basin[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2018,23(6):29-37.
[13] 姜呈馥，王香增，张丽霞，万永平，雷裕红，孙建博，等. 鄂尔多斯盆地东南部延长组长7 段陆相页岩气地质特征及勘探潜力评价[J]. 中国地质，2013,40(6):1880-1888. J i a n g C h e n g f u , Wang X i a n g z e n g , Z h a n g L i x i a , Wan Yongping, Lei Yuhong, Sun Jianbo, et al . Geological characteristics of shale and exploration potential of continental shale gas in 7th member of Yanchang Formation, southeast Ordos Basin[J].Geology in China, 2013,40(6):1880-1888.
[14] 祁攀文，姜呈馥，刘刚，史鹏，赵谦平，万永平. 鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系陆相页岩含气性及页岩气赋存状态[J]. 东北石油大学学报， 2016,40(2):11-18. Qi Panwen, Jiang Chengfu, Liu Gang, Shi Peng, Zhao Qianping, Wan Yongping. Shale gas content and its occurrence state of the Triassic lacustrine shale, Ordos basin, China[J]. Journal of Northeast Petroleum University, 2016,40(2):11-18.
[15] 刘刚，赵谦平，高潮，姜磊，孙建博，刘超. 提高页岩含气量测试中损失气量计算精度的解吸临界时间点法[J]. 天然气工业， 2019,39(2):71-75. Liu Gang, Zhao Qianping, Gao Chao, Jiang Lei, Sun Jianbo, Liu Chao. A critical desorption time method to improve the calculation accuracy of gas loss in shale gas content testing [J]. Natural Gas Industry, 2019,39(2):71-75.
[16] 赵谦平，张丽霞，尹锦涛，俞雨溪，姜呈馥，王晖，等. 含粉砂质层页岩储层孔隙结构和物性特征: 以张家滩陆相页岩为例[J]. 吉林大学学报：地球科学版，2018,48(4):1018-1029. Zhao Qianping, Zhang Lixia, Yin Jintao, Yu Yuxi, Jiang Chengfu, Wang Hui, et al . Pore structure and Physical characteristics of shale reservoir interbedded with silty layers: an example from Zhangjiatan Lacustrine Shale[J]. Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition), 2018,48(4):1018-1029.
[17] 王香增，张丽霞，李宗田，伏海蛟. 鄂尔多斯盆地延长组陆相页岩孔隙类型划分方案及其油气地质意义[J]. 石油与天然气地质， 2016,37(1):1-7. Wang Xiangzeng, Zhang Lixia, Li Zongtian, Fu Haijiao. Pore type classification scheme for continental Yanchang shale in Ordos Basin and its geological significance[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2016,37(1):1-7.
[18] 杨华，付金华，刘新社，孟培龙. 鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界致密气成藏条件与勘探开发[J]. 石油勘探与开发，2012,39(3):295-303. Yang Hua, Fu Jinhua, Liu Xinshe,Meng Peilong. Accumulation conditions and exploration and development of tight gas in the Upper Paleozoic of the Ordos Basin[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2012,39(3):295-303.
[19] 付金华，段晓文，姜英昆. 鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界天然气成藏地质特征及勘探方法[J]. 中国石油勘探，2001,6(4):68-75. Fu Jinhua, Duan Xiaowen, Jiang Yingkun. Geological features and exploration methods of natural gas reservoir formation in the Upper Paleozoic in the Ordos Basin[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2001,6(4):68-75.
[20] 张丽霞，姜呈馥，郭超. 鄂尔多斯盆地东部上古生界页岩气勘探潜力分析[J]. 西安石油大学学报：自然科学版，2012,27(1):23-26. Zhang Lixia, Jiang Chengfu, Guo Chao. Exploration potential of Upper Paleozoic shale gas in the eastern Ordos Basin [J]. Journal of Xi’an Shiyou University: Natural Science Edition, 2012,27(1):23-26.
[21] 窦伟坦，侯明才，董桂玉. 鄂尔多斯盆地北部山西组—下石盒子组物源分析[J]. 天然气工业，2009,29(3):25-28. Dou Weitan, Hou Mingcai, Dong Guiyu. Provenance analysis of the Upper Paleozoic Shanxi to Lower Shihezi Formations in north Ordos Basin[J]. Natural Gas Industry, 2009,29(3):25-28.
[22] 祁攀文，薛培，赵谦平，史鹏，孙细宁. 鄂尔多斯盆地下寺湾地区山西组页岩气储层特征与评价[J]. 非常规油气，2019,6(4):10-17. Qi Panwen,Xue Pei, Zhao Qianping, Shi Peng, Sun Xining. Characteristics and evaluation of shale gas reservoirs in Shanxi Formation in Xiasiwan area, Ordos Basin[J]. Unconventional oil & gas, 2019,6(4):10-17.
[23] 赵谦平，高潮，尹锦涛，张丽霞，曹成，刘刚，等. 鄂尔多斯盆地下寺湾地区山西组泥页岩生气特征[J]. 西安科技大学学报， 2018,38(1):108-117. Zhao Qianping, Gao Chao, Yin Jintao, Zhang Lixia, Cao Cheng, Liu Gang, et al . Hydrocarbon generation characteristics of source rocks in Shanxi Formation of Xiasiwan Area, Ordos Basin[J]. Journal of Xi’an University of Science and Technology, 2018,38(1):108-117.
[24] GB/T 31483—2015　页岩气地质评价方法[S]. 北京：中国标准出版社，2015. GB/T 31483—2015　Shale gas geological evaluation method [S]. Beijing: China Standard Press, 2015.
[25] 祁攀文，姜呈馥，赵谦平，史鹏，孙德瑞. 陆相页岩气测井评价方法[J]. 非常规油气，2017,4(6):116-122. Qi Panwen, Jiang Chengfu, Zhao Qianping, Shi Peng, Sun Derui. Evaluation method of continental shale gas logging[J]. Unconventional oil&gas, 2017,4(6):116-122.
[26] 何羽飞，万金彬，于小龙，程道解，倪军，陈玉林. 基于测井资料的页岩含气量定量评价[J]. 测井技术，2018,42(6):667-671. He Yufei, Wan Jinbin, Yu Xiaolong, Cheng Daojie, Ni Jun, Chen Yulin. Quantitative evaluation of shale gas content based on logging data [J]. Well Logging Technology, 2018, 42(6): 667-671.
[27] 王香增，高瑞民，吴金桥，汶锋刚，李伟. 延长天然气探井钻井液体系优化研究[J]. 应用化工,2010,39(3):373-376. Wang Xiangzeng, Gao Ruimin, Wu Jinqiao, Wen Fenggang, Li Wei. Optimization of drilling fluid of natural gas exploration wells in Yanchang Oilfield [J]. Applied Chemical Industry, 2010,39(3): 373-376.
[28] 马振锋，于小龙，杨全枝，杨先伦，李红梅，赵毅. 陆相页岩气水平井钻井提速技术[J]. 非常规油气，2017(4):88-92,87. Ma Zhenfeng, Yu Xiaolong, Yang Quanzhi, Yang Xianlun， Li Hongmei, Zhao Yi.The technology of improving rate of penetration in continental shale gas horizontal well[J]. Unconventional Oil & Gas, 2017(4):88-92,87.
[29] 穆景福. 页岩力学性质各向异性初探[J]. 非常规油气，2016(5): 114-120. Mu Jingfu. Anisotropic investigation of the mechanical property of shale [J].Unconventional Oil & Gas, 2016(5):114-120.
[30] 万鑫，吴金桥，杨超，王红娟. 延长油田页岩气水平井安全钻井液密度窗口探讨[J]. 非常规油气，2016(5):121-126. Wan Xin, Wu Jinqiao, Yang Chao, Wang Hongjuan.Study of safe drilling mud weight window for shale gas horizontal well in Yanchang Oilfield [J]. Unconventional Oil & Gas, 2016(5):121-126.
[31] 李伟，王涛，王秀玲，李舍坤，周战云，李艳. 陆相页岩气水平井固井技术——以延长石油延安国家级陆相页岩气示范区为例[J]. 天然气上业，2014,34(12):106-112. Li Wei, Wang Tao, Wang Xiuling, Li Shekun, Zhou zhanyuan, Li yan. Cementing technology for horizontal wells of terrestrial shale gas: a case study of the Yanan national terrestrial shale gas E&P pilot area [J]. Natural Gas Industry,2014,34(12):106-112.
[32] 王香增，吴金桥，张军涛. 陆相页岩气层的CO2 压裂技术应用探讨[J]. 天然气工业，2014,34(1):64-67. Wang Xiangzeng, Wu Jinqiao, Zhang Juntao. Application of CO2 fracturing technology for terrestrial shale gas reservoirs [J]. Natural Gas Industry, 2014,34(1):64-67.
[33] 王香增，孙晓，罗攀，穆景福. 非常规油气CO2 压裂技术进展及应用实践[J]. 岩性油气藏，2019,31(2):1-7. Wang Xiangzeng,Sun Xiao, Luo pan, Mu Jingfu. Progress and application of CO2 fracturing technology for unconventional oil and gas [J]. Lithologic Reservoirs, 2019,31(2):1-7.
[34] 高志亮，段玉秀，吴金桥，乔红军，郭庆，南蓓蓓. 酸性交联CO2 泡沫压裂液起泡剂的研制及其性能研究. 钻井液与完井液，2013, 30(5):79-81. Gao Zhiliang, Duan Yuxiu, Wu Jinqiao, Qiao Hongjun, Guo Qing, Nan Beibei. Selection and performance study of foaming agent of CO2 acidic crosslinking foam fracturing liquid [J]. Drilling Fluid and Completion Fluid, 2013,30(5):79-81.
[35] 郭庆，申峰，乔红军. 鄂尔多斯盆地延长组页岩气储层改造技术探讨[J]. 石油地质与工程，2012,26(2):96-98. Guo Qing, Shen Feng, Qiao Hongjun. Discussion on stimulation technology of shale gas reservoir in Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin [J]. Petroleum Geology and Engineering, 2012, 26(2):96-98.
[36] 吕雷，王梓民，杨志刚. 页岩气压裂返排液处理回用中的问题及对策[J]. 环境工程学报，2017,11(2):965-969. Lv Lei,Wang Zimin,Yang Zhigang. Problem and solving countermeasures on recycling technology for fracturing flowback fluid of shale gas [J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2017,11(2):965-969.