四川盆地威远—高石梯地区中二叠统栖霞组台内薄层白云岩发育特征与成因

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2022.04.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 通过对四川盆地威远—高石梯地区取心和钻井老资料复查发现，中二叠统栖霞组发育规模性滩相薄层白云岩，且多口井在该套白云岩中获工业气流，因此厘清白云岩成因与分布规律对指导栖霞组下一步勘探具有重要意义。基于区内岩心和测井、录井资料，开展白云岩岩石学和分布特征研究，发现栖霞组薄层白云岩宏观产状上可分为豹斑状白云岩和层状白云岩两类，白云石晶粒多以细—中晶为主，残余生屑颗粒幻影明显，原岩主要为具微生物粘结灰泥组构的亮晶生屑灰岩。白云岩单层厚度薄，一般为1～4m，累计厚度可达3～16m；纵向发育受沉积旋回控制明显，主要分布在旋回中上部且具有多期叠置的特征。地球化学分析结果表明，研究区栖霞组白云石化流体以准同生期咸化海源流体为主，仅局部孔洞状白云岩受到一定程度的深部热液叠合改造。对比沉积期古地理隆坳格局与薄层白云岩钻遇井分布耦合关系，发现薄层白云岩往往分布于台内隆坳的坡折处，提出丘滩体叠置迁移和海水受限的环境促使渗透回流白云石化作用发生。台内多期叠置的丘滩体为白云岩形成奠定了良好的物质基础，准同生期岩溶作用有利于提升丘滩体孔渗条件并为白云石化流体提供优势运移通道。研究结果证实台内薄层白云岩具有环洼不连续带状规模性分布规律，为拓展栖霞组台内白云岩储层勘探领域提供了重要支撑。

关键词: 薄层白云岩, 分布规律, 白云岩成因, 栖霞组, 四川盆地

Abstract: The re-examination of core and well drilling data showed that the large-area beach facies thin layered dolomite was developed in the Middle Permian Qixia Formation in Weiyuan-Gaoshiti area in Sichuan Basin, and commercial gas flows were obtained from the dolomite reservoir in several wells. Therefore, it is of great significance to clarify the genesis and distribution law of dolomite for gas exploration of Qixia Formation in the near future. The petrology and distribution characteristics of dolomite are studied by using core, wireline logging and mud logging data. The results indicate that the thin layered dolomite is divided into two types of porphyritic dolomite and laminated dolomite in terms of the macroscopic occurrence, with fine-meso crystalline dominated of dolomite grains, and distinct phantoms of the residual bioclastic grains. The main protolith is sparry bioclastic limestone with microbial bond stucco fabric. Significantly controlled by the sedimentary cycle, the dolomite has a thin single layer thickness of 1-4 m, and cumulative thickness of 3-16 m, showing the characteristics of multi-stage superposition in vertical and mainly developed in the middle-upper part of the sedimentary cycle. The geochemical experiment results show that the dolomitization fluids of Qixia Formation were dominated by penecontemporaneous seawater, and only part of the vuggy dolomite was transformed by deep hydrothermal fluids to a certain extent. By analyzing the coupling relationship between the paleogeographic pattern of uplift and depression during the deposition period and the distribution of wells encountering the thin-layered dolomite, it is found that the thin-layered dolomite was generally developed in the slope break between uplift and depression in the platform, and new understanding is proposed that the superimposing and migrating microbial mound beach bodies and the restricted seawater environment promoted the infiltration reflux dolomitization. The multi-stage superimposed microbial mound beach bodies in the platform laid a good material foundation for the development of dolomite reservoirs. In addition, the penecontemporaneous karstification was conducive to the improvement of porosity and permeability of mound beach body and provided a dominant pathway for the migration of dolomitization fluids. The results confirm that the thin layered dolomite in the platform has a large-area discontinuous zonal distribution pattern in the circum subsag, which provides an important theoretical support for expanding the exploration field of the intra platform dolomite reservoir of Qixia Formation.

中图分类号:

TE112.2

杨文杰, 谭秀成, 李明隆, 夏吉文, 隆辉, 倪佳, 李军, 肖笛, 张照坤. 四川盆地威远—高石梯地区中二叠统栖霞组台内薄层白云岩发育特征与成因[J]. 中国石油勘探, 2022, 27(4): 75-90.

Yang Wenjie, Tan Xiucheng, Li Minglong, Xia Jiwen, Luo Bing, Long Hui, Ni Jia, Li Jun, Xiao Di, Zhang Zhaokun. Development characteristics and genesis of thin layered dolomite of the Middle Permian Qixia Formation in the platform in Weiyuan-Gaoshiti area, Sichuan Basin[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2022, 27(4): 75-90.

参考文献

[1] 杨光，汪华，沈浩，等. 四川盆地中二叠统储层特征与勘探方向[J]. 天然气工业，2015,35(7):10-16.
Yang Guang, Wang Hua, Shen Hao, et al . Characteristics and exploration prospects of Middle Permian reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin[J]. Natural Gas Industry, 2015,35(7):10-16.
[2] 文龙，汪华，徐亮，等．四川盆地西部中二叠统栖霞组天然气成藏特征及主控因素[J]. 中国石油勘探，2021,26(6):68-81.
Wen Long, Wang Hua, Xu Liang, et al . Characteristics and main controlling factors of gas accumulation of the Middle Permian Qixia Formation in western Sichuan Basin[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2021,26(6):68-81.
[3] 谢增业，魏国齐，李剑，等．四川盆地川中隆起带震旦系—二叠系天然气地球化学特征及成藏模式[J]. 中国石油勘探，2021,26(6):50-67.
Xie Zengye, Wei Guoqi, Li Jian, et al . Geochemical characteristics and accumulation pattern of gas reservoirs of the Sinian-Permian in central Sichuan uplift zone, Sichuan Basin[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2021,26(6):50-67.
[4] 陈明启. 川西南下二叠阳新统白云岩成因探讨[J]. 沉积学报，1989,7(2):45-50.
Chen Mingqi. A discussion of the origin of yangxin dolomite of lower permian in southwest Sichuan[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 1989,7(2):45-50.
[5] 金振奎，冯增昭. 滇东—川西下二叠统白云岩的形成机理：玄武岩淋滤白云化[J]. 沉积学报，1999,17(3):383-389.
Jin Zhenkui, Feng Zengzhao. Origin of dolostones of the lower Permian in east Yunnan—west Sichuan: dolomitization through leaching of basalts[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,1999,17(3):383-389.
[6] 江青春，胡素云，汪泽成，等. 四川盆地中二叠统中—粗晶白云岩成因[J]. 石油与天然气地质，2014,35(4):503-510.
Jiang Qingchun, Hu Suyun, Wang Zecheng, et al . Genesis of medium-macro-crystalline dolomite in the Middle Permian of Sichuan Basin[J]. Oil ＆ Gas Geology, 2014,35(4):503-510.
[7] 何溥为，胥旺，张连进，等. 川中磨溪—高石梯地区栖霞组白云岩特征及成因机制[J]. 沉积学报，2021,39(6):1532-1545.
He Puwei, Xu Wang, Zhang Lianjin, et al . Characteristics and genetic mechanism of Qixia Formation dolomite in Moxi-Gaoshiti area, central Sichuan Basin[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2021,39(6):1532-1545.
[8] 陈轩，赵文智，张利萍，等. 川中地区中二叠统构造热液白云岩的发现及其勘探意义[J]. 石油学报，2012,33(4):562-569.
Chen Xuan, Zhao Wenzhi, Zhang Liping, et al . Discovery and exploration significance of structure controlled hydrothermal dolomites in the Middle Permian of the central Sichuan Basin[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2012,33(4):562-569.
[9] 黄思静，兰叶芳，黄可可，等. 四川盆地西部中二叠统栖霞组晶洞充填物特征与热液活动记录[J]. 岩石学报，2014,30(3):687-698.
Huang Sijing, Lan Yefang, Huang Keke, et al . Vug fillings and records of hydrothermal activity in the Middle Permian Qixia Formation, western Sichuan Basin[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 2014,30(3):687-698.
[10] 田景春，林小兵，张翔，等. 四川盆地中二叠统栖霞组滩相白云岩多重成因机理及叠加效应[J]. 岩石学报，2014,30(3):679-686.
Tian Jingchun, Lin Xiaobing, Zhang Xiang, et al . The genetic mechanism of shoal facies dolomite and its additive effect of Permian Qixia Formation in Sichuan Basin[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 2014,30(3):679-686.
[11] 张涛，林娟华，韩月卿，等. 四川盆地东部中二叠统茅口组热液白云岩发育模式及对储层的改造[J]. 石油与天然气地质，2020,41(1):132-143.
Zhang Tao, Lin Juanhua, Han Yueqing, et al . Pattern of hydrothermal dolomitization in the Middle Permian Maokou Formation, eastern Sichuan Basin, and its alteration on reservoirs herein[J]. Oil ＆ Gas Geology, 2020,41(1):132-143.
[12] Feng K, Xu S, Chen A, et al . Middle Permian dolomites of the SW Sichuan Basin and the role of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province in their origin[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2021,128:104981.
[13] Xiao D, Cao J, Luo B, et al . On the dolomite reservoirs formed by dissolution: differential eogenetic versus hydrothermal in the lower Permian Sichuan Basin, southwestern China[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 2020,104(7):1405-1438.
[14] 芦飞凡，谭秀成，钟原，等. 四川盆地西北部二叠系栖霞组准同生期砂糖状白云岩特征及成因[J]. 石油勘探与开发，2020,47(6):1134-1148.
Lu Feifan, Tan Xiucheng, Zhong Yuan, et al . Origin of the penecontemporaneous sucrosic dolomite in the Permian Qixia Formation, northwestern Sichuan Basin, SW China[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2020,47(6):1134-1148.
[15] 李明隆，谭秀成，苏成鹏，等. 四川盆地西北部中二叠统栖霞组砂糖状白云岩特征及成因机制：以广元上寺剖面为例[J]. 地质论评，2020,66(3):591-610.
Li Minglong, Tan Xiucheng, Su Chengpeng, et al . Characteristics and genesis of sucrosic dolomite in Middle Permian Chihsia Formation， Northwest Sichuan Basin: a case study from Shangsi section[J]. Geological Review, 2020,66(3):591-610.
[16] 冯增昭，杨玉卿，金振奎，等. 中国南方二叠纪岩相古地理[J]. 沉积学报，1996,14(2):3-12.
Feng Zengzhao, Yang Yuqing, Jin Zhenkui, et al . Lithofacies Paleogeography of the Permian of South China[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 1996,14(2):3-12.
[17] Rygel M C, Fielding C R, Frank T D, et al . The magnitude of late Paleozoic glacioeustatic fluctuations: a synthesis[J]. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 2008,78(7/8):500-511.
[18] Haq B U, Schutter S R. A chronology of Paleozoic sea-level changes[J]. Science, 2008,322(5898):64-68.
[19] Shen S Z, Zhang H, Zhang Y C, et al . Permian integrative stratigraphy and timescale of China[J]. Science China Earth Sciences, 2019,62(1):160-193.
[20] 王海真，池英柳，赵宗举，等. 四川盆地栖霞组岩溶储层及勘探选区[J]. 石油学报，2013,34(5):833-842.
Wang Haizhen, Chi Yingliu, Zhao Zongju, et al . Karst reservoirs developed in the Middle Permian Qixia Formation of Sichuan Basin and selection of exploration regions[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2013,34(5):833-842.
[21] 胡笙，谭秀成，罗冰，等. 四川盆地西北部二叠系栖霞阶层序地层特征及地质意义[J]. 古地理学报，2020,22(6):1109-1126.
Hu Sheng, Tan Xiucheng, Luo Bing, et al . Sequence stratigraphic characteristics and geological significance of the Permian Qixia Stage in northwestern Sichuan Basin[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography, 2020,22(6):1109-1126.
[22] Xiao D, Zhang B J, Tan X C, et al . Discovery of a shoal controlled karst dolomite reservoir in the middle Permian Qixia Formation, northwestern Sichuan Basin, southwest China[J]. Energy Exploration & Exploitation, 2018,36(4):686-704.
[23] 陈卫东，陈义才，徐发波，等. 四川盆地东部中二叠统茅口组地层划分、对比与岩溶古地貌恢复[J]. 天然气工业，2021,41(6):27-36.
Chen Weidong, Chen Yicai, Xu Fabo, et al . Stratigraphic division and correlation and karst palaeogeomorphology restoration of the Middle Permian Maokou Formation in the eastern Sichuan Basin[J]. Natural Gas Industry, 2021,41(6):27-36.
[24] 江青春，汪泽成，苏旺，等．四川盆地中二叠统茅口组一段泥灰岩源内非常规天然气成藏条件及有利勘探方向[J]. 中国石油勘探，2021, 26(6):82-97.
Jiang Qingchun, Wang Zecheng, Su Wang, et al . Accumulation conditions and favorable exploration orientation of unconventional natural gas in the marl source rock of the first member of the Middle Permian Maokou Formation, Sichuan Basin[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2021,26(6):82-97.
[25] 芦飞凡，谭秀成，王利超，等. 川中地区中二叠统栖霞组滩控岩溶型白云岩储层特征及主控因素[J]. 沉积学报，2021,39(2):456-469.
Lu Feifan, Tan Xiucheng, Wang Lichao, et al . Characteristics and controlling factors of dolomite reservoirs within shoalcontrolled karst in the middle Permian Qixia Formation, central Sichuan Basin[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2021,39(2):456-469.
[26] 董翼昕. 四川盆地中二叠统白云岩成因机理研究[D]. 成都：成都理工大学，2020.
Dong Yixin. Genetic mechanism of the Middle Permian dolomite in the Sichuan Basin[D]. Chengdu: Journal of Chengdu University of Technology, 2020.
[27] Elderfield H, Greaves M J. The rare earth elements in seawater[J]. Nature, 1982,296(5854):214-219.
[28] Bau M , Dulski P. Distributions of yttrium and rare-earth elements in the Penge and Kuruman iron-formation, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa[J]. Precambrian Research, 1996, 79(1-2):37-55.
[29] Bau M, Balan S, Schmidt K, et al . Rare earth elements in mussel shells of the Mytilidae family as tracers for hidden and fossil high-temperature hydrothermal systems[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2010, 299(3-4):310-316.
[30] Van K M J, Webb G E, Kamber B S. Geological and trace element evidence for a marine sedimentary environment of deposition and biogenicity of 3.45 Ga stromatolitic carbonates in the Pilbara Craton, and support for a reducing Archaean ocean[J]. Geobiology, 2003,1(2):91-108.
[31] Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, et al . 87Sr/86Sr, δ13C and δ18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater[J]. Chemical Geology, 1999, 161(1):58-88.
[32] Korte C, Jasper T, Kozur H W, et al . 87Sr/86Sr record of Permian seawater[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2006,240(1-2):89-107.
[33] 段军茂，郑剑锋，沈安江，等. 川中地区下二叠统栖霞组白云岩储层特征和成因[J]. 海相油气地质，2021,26(4):345-356.
Duan Junmao, Zheng Jianfeng, Shen Anjiang, et al . Characteristics and genesis of dolomite reservoir of the Lower Permian Qixia Formation in central Sichuan Basin[J]. Marine Origin Petroleum Geology, 2021,26(4):345-356.
[34] 郝毅，谷明峰，韦东晓，等. 四川盆地二叠系栖霞组沉积特征及储层分布规律[J]. 海相油气地质，2020,25(3):193-201.
Hao Yi, Gu Mingfeng, Wei Dongxiao, et al . Sedimentary characteristics and reservoir distribution of the Permian Qixia Formation in Sichuan Basin[J]. Marine Origin Petroleum Geology, 2020,25(3):193-201.
[35] Epstein S, Mayeda T. Variation of O18 content of waters from natural sources[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1953,4(5):213-224.
[36] Qing H, Bosence D W J, Rose E P F. Dolomitization by penesaline sea water in Early Jurassic peritidal platform carbonates, Gibraltar, western Mediterranean[J]. Sedimentology, 2001,48(1):153-163.
[37] Rameil N. Early diagenetic dolomitization and dedolomitization of Late Jurassic and earliest Cretaceous platform carbonates: a case study from the Jura Mountains (NW Switzerland, E France) [J]. Sedimentary Geology, 2008,212(1-4):70-85.
[38] Rott C M, Qing H R. Early dolomitization and recrystallization in shallow marine carbonates, Mississippian Alida Beds, Williston Basin (Canada): evidence from petrography and isotope geochemistry[J]. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 2013,83(11/12):928-941.
[39] Goldsmith J R, Graf D L. Structural and compositional variations in some natural dolomites[J]. Journal of Geology, 1958,66(6):678-693.
[40] 赵文智，沈安江，乔占峰，等. 白云岩成因类型、识别特征及储集空间成因[J]. 石油勘探与开发，2018,45(6):923-935.
Zhao Wenzhi, Shen Anjiang, Qiao Zhanfeng, et al . Genetic types and distinguished characteristics of dolomite and the origin of dolomite reservoirs[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2018,45(6):923-935.
[41] 胡明毅，魏国齐，胡忠贵，等. 四川盆地中二叠统栖霞组层序—岩相古地理[J]. 古地理学报，2010,12(5):515-526.
Hu Mingyi, Wei Guoqi, Hu Zhonggui, et al . Sequencelitho facies palaeogeography of the Middle Permian Qixia Formation in Sichuan Basin[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography, 2010,12(5):515-526.
[42] 张廷山，陈晓慧，刘治成，等. 峨眉地幔柱构造对四川盆地栖霞期沉积格局的影响[J]. 地质学报，2011,85(8):1251-1264.
Zhang Tingshan, Chen Xiaohui, Liu Zhicheng, et al . Effect of emeishan mantle plume over the sedimentary pattern of Mid-permian Xixia period in Sichuan Basin[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 2011,85(8):1251-1264.
[43] 赵宗举，周慧，陈轩，等. 四川盆地及邻区二叠纪层序岩相古地理及有利勘探区带[J]. 石油学报，2012,33( 增刊2):35-51.
Zhao Zongju, Zhou Hui, Chen Xuan, et al . Sequence lithofacies paleogeography and favorable exploration zones of the Permian in Sichuan Basin and adjacent areas, China[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2012,33(S2):35-51.
[44] 马永生，陈洪德，王国力. 中国南方层序地层与古地理[M]. 北京：科学出版社，2009.
Ma Yongsheng, Chen Hongde, Wang Guoli. Sequence stratigraphy and paleogeography of south China[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2009.
[45] 刘治成，杨巍，王炜，等. 四川盆地中二叠世栖霞期微生物丘及其对沉积环境的启示[J]. 中国地质，2015,42(4):1009-1023.
Liu Zhicheng, Yang Wei, Wang Wei, et al . The microbial mud mound of the Middle Permian Qixi aperiod in Sichuan Basin and its indication significance to sedimentary environment[J]. Geology in China, 2015,42(4):1009-1023.
[46] 刘正元，苑保国，黄兴，等. 川西北剑阁县猫儿塘二叠纪地层划分与对比[J]. 成都理工大学学报( 自然科学版)，2020,47(3):257-273.
Liu Zhengyuan, Yuan Baoguo, Huang Xing, et al . Division and correlation of Permian Formation at Maoertang section in northwest Sichuan, China[J]. Journal of Chengdu University of Technology (Science & Technology Edition), 2020,47(3):257-273.
[47] 全子婷，谭秀成，张本健，等. 川西北下二叠统栖霞组微生物丘的发现及地质意义[J]. 古地理学报，2021,23(6):1110-1124.
Quan Ziting, Tan Xiucheng, Zhang Benjian, et al . Discovery of microbial mounds of the Lower Permian Qixia Formation in northwestern Sichuan Basin and its geological significance[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography, 2021,23(6):1110-1124.
[48] 谭秀成，聂勇，刘宏，等. 陆表海碳酸盐岩台地沉积期微地貌恢复方法研究：以四川盆地磨溪气田嘉二2 亚段A 层为例[J]. 沉积学报，2011,29(3):486-494.
Tan Xiucheng, Nie Yong, Liu Hong, et al . Research on the method of recoverying microtopography of epeiric carbonate platform in depositional stage: a case study from the layer A of Jia 22 Member in Moxi Gas Field, Sichuan Basin[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2011,29(3):486-494.
[49] Zhong Yuan, Yang Yueming, Wen Long, et al . Sedimentary environments controlled by tectonics and induced differential subsidence: a perspective in the Permian Liangshan and Qixia Formations, northwestern Sichuan Basin, China[J]. Journal of Central South University, 2020,27(11):3398-3416.
[50] 袁鑫鹏，刘建波. 回流渗透模式白云岩研究历史与进展[J]. 古地理学报，2012,14(2):219-228.
Yuan Xinpeng, Liu Jianbo. Research history and progress on reflux seepage dolostone[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography, 2012, 14(2):219-228.
[51] 银河，王亚辉，刘娟，等. 中国南海西沙地区西科1 井中新统梅山组白云岩特征及成因[J]. 石油与天然气地质，2020,41(1):209-222.
Yin He, Wang Yahui, Liu Juan, et al . Characteristics and origin of dolostones in the Miocene Meishan Formation in Well Xike 1, Xisha Islands, South China Sea[J]. Oil ＆ Gas Geology, 2020,41(1):209-222.
[52] 李明隆，谭秀成，罗冰，等. 四川盆地西北部中二叠统栖霞组相控早期高频暴露岩溶特征及启示[J]. 中国石油勘探，2020,25(3):66-82.
Li Minglong, Tan Xiucheng, Luo Bing, et al . Characteristics of facies-controlled and early high-frequency exposed karstification in the Qixia Formation of Middle Permian in the northwest of Sichuan Basin and its significance[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2020,25(3):66-82.
[53] 吴丰，习研平，张亚，等. 川东—川南地区茅口组岩溶储层分类识别及有效性评价[J]. 岩性油气藏，2020,32(2):90-99.
Wu Feng, Xi Yanping, Zhang Ya, et al . Classification and effectiveness evaluation of karst reservoirs of Maokou Formation in eastern and southern Sichuan Basin[J]. Lithologic Reservoirs, 2020,32(2):90-99.
[54] 张本健，尹宏，李荣容，等. 四川盆地西南部平探1 井中二叠统栖霞组天然气勘探新突破及其意义[J]. 天然气工业，2020,40(7):34-41.
Zhang Benjian, Yin Hong, Li Rongrong, et al . New breakthrough of natural gas exploration in the Qixia Formation of Middle Permian by Well Pingtan1 in the southwestern Sichuan Basin and its implications[J]. Natural Gas Industry, 2020,40(7):34-41.
[55] 董才源，谢增业，朱华，等. 川中地区中二叠统气源新认识及成藏模式[J]. 西安石油大学学报( 自然科学版)，2017,32(4):18-23.
Dong Caiyuan, Xie Zengye, Zhu Hua, et al . New insight for gas source and gas accumulation modes of middle Permian in central Sichuan Basin[J]. Journal of Xi’an Shiyou University(Natural Science Edition), 2017,32(4):18-23.
[56] 崔海峰，田雷，刘军，等. 塔西南坳陷麦盖提斜坡奥陶系白云岩油气的发现及其勘探启示[J]. 天然气工业，2017,37(4):42-51.
Cui Haifeng, Tian Lei, Liu Jun, et al . Hydrocarbon discovery in the Ordovician dolomite reservoirs in the Maigaiti slope, Southwest Depression of the Tarim Basin, and its enlightenment[J]. Natural Gas Industry, 2017,37(4):42-51.