天然气水合物成藏条件与富集控制因素

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2018.03.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 天然气水合物是由烃类气体（主要是甲烷）和水在一定温度、压力条件下形成的一种固态似冰状笼形化合物。与常规油气藏系统不同，天然气水合物成藏的关键因素主要包括天然气水合物稳定条件、水源条件、气源条件、流体运移条件和储集空间条件。天然气水合物的成藏要素决定了天然气水合物稳定带内天然气水合物的产出既非连续也非随机，不同地质背景下的天然气水合物有着不同的分布范围和地质特征。天然气水合物成藏特征和富集控制因素体现在以下几方面：天然气水合物形成与分布受温度和压力条件控制，在天然气水合物稳定带内动态成藏；天然气水合物主要赋存在晚中新世以来松散沉积物中，埋藏深度较浅，通常位于海底0~500m；天然气水合物资源丰度普遍较低，大面积分布、局部富集，存在"甜点"核心区；天然气水合物形成气兼具微生物成因和热成因特征，天然气水合物规模化成藏富集有赖于流体运移；天然气水合物以固态形式赋存，生长和赋存模式多样，存在构造型、地层型和复合型天然气水合物藏。

关键词: 天然气水合物, 成藏条件, 地质特征, 动态成藏, "甜点"核心区

Abstract: Natural gas hydrates are solid, ice-like clathrates formed with hydrocarbon gases (mainly methane) and water under appropriate temperature and pressure conditions. Different from conventional hydrocarbon reservoir systems, the key factors controlling gas hydrate accumulation mainly involve stable natural gas hydrates, water source, natural gas source, fluid migration and reservoir space conditions. The accumulation factors of natural gas hydrates determine that gas hydrate production from stable gas hydrate zones is neither continuous nor stochastic, and gas hydrates in different geological settings have different distributions and geological characteristics. Natural gas hydrate accumulation and enrichment controlling factors involve the following points:Controlled by temperature and pressure, natural gas hydrates are dynamically formed, accumulated and distributed in stable gas hydrate zones; natural gas hydrates are contained in loose sediments at relatively shallow layers after the Later Miocene, generally 0-500 m below seabed; natural gas hydrates are generally of low abundance, extensive distribution and local enrichment, and with concentrated "sweet spots" zones; natural gas hydrates have microbiological and thermal genetic characteristics, and their large-area accumulation depends on favorable fluid migration; natural gas hydrates occur in solid form, and their growth and occurrence are diverse, such as in structural, stratigraphic and complex reservoirs.

Key words: natural gas hydrate, accumulation conditions, geologic characteristics, dynamic accumulation, concentrated "sweet spots", zone

中图分类号:

张金华, 方念乔, 魏伟, 苏明, 肖红平, 彭涌, 张巧珍. 天然气水合物成藏条件与富集控制因素[J]. 中国石油勘探, 2018, 23(3): 35-46.

Zhang Jinhua, Fang Nianqiao, Wei Wei, Su Ming, Xiao Hongping, Peng Yong, Zhang Qiaozhen. Accumulation conditions and enrichment controlling factors of natural gas hydrate reservoirs[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2018, 23(3): 35-46.

参考文献

[1] Kvenvolden K A. Gas hydrates-geological perspective and global change[J]. Reviews of Geophysics,1993,31(2):173-187.
[2] Kvenvolden K A, Lorenson T D. The global occurrence of natural gas hydrate[C]//Paull C K,Dillon W P,eds. Natural gas hydrates:occurrence,distribution,and detection. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D C,2001.
[3] Collett T S, Johnson A H, Knapp C C, Boswell R. Natural gas hydrates:a review[C]//Collett T S, Johnson A, Knapp C, Boswell R, eds. Natural gas hydrates-energy resource potential and associated geologic hazards. AAPG Memoir 89, 2009:146-219.
[4] 祝有海,赵省民,卢振权.中国冻土区天然气水合物的找矿选区及其资源潜力[J]. 天然气工业,2011,31(1):13-19. Zhu Youhai, Zhao Shengmin, Lu Zhenquan. Resource potential and reservoir distribution of natural gas hydrate in permafrost areas of China[J]. Natural Gas Industry, 2011,31(1):13-19.
[5] 苏明,匡增桂,乔少华,沙志彬,魏伟,张金华,等.海域天然气水合物钻探研究进展及启示(I):站位选择[J]. 新能源进展, 2015,3(2):116-130. Su Ming, Kuang Zenggui, Qiao Shaohua, Sha Zhibin, Wei Wei, Zhang Jinhua, et al. The progresses and revelations of marine gas hydrate explorations (I):purposes and selection evidences of the hydrate drilling sites[J]. Advances in New and Renewable Energy,2015,3(2):116-130.
[6] Boswel R, Shipp C, Reichel T, Shelander D, Saeki T, Frye M, et al. Prospecting for marine gas hydrate resources[J]. Interpretation, 2016,4(1):SA13-SA24.
[7] Paull C K, Ussler W. History and significance of gas sampling during DSDP and ODP drilling associated with gas hydrates[C]//Paull C A,Dillon W P, eds. Natural gas hydrates:occurrence,distributions,and detection. American Geophysical Union,Washington,D C,2001.
[8] Kida M, Jin Y, Watanabe M, Konno Y, Yoneda J, Egawa K, et al. Chemical and crystallographic characterizations of natural gas hydrates recovered from the production test site in the Eastern Nankai Trough[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2015,66:396-403.
[9] Lüdmann T, Wong H K. Characteristics of gas hydrate occurrences associated with mud diapirism and gas escape structures in the northwestern sea of Okhotsk[J]. Marine Geology,2003,201(4):269-286.
[10] Boswell R, Collett T S, Frye M, Shedd W, McConnell D R, Shelander D. Subsurface gas hydrates in the northern Gulf of Mexico[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2012,34(1):4-30.
[11] Collett T S. Permafrost-associated gas hydrate accumulations[J]. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1994, 715(1):247-269.
[12] Yang Shengxiong, Zhang Mei, Liang Jinqiang, Lu Jingan, Zhang Zijian, Holland M, et al. Preliminary results of China's third gas hydrate drilling expedition:a critical step from discovery to development in the South China Sea[J]. Fire in the Ice, 2015,15(2):1-6.
[13] Ryu B J, Collett T S, Riedel M, Kim G Y, Chun J H, Bahk J J, et al. Scientific results of the second gas hydrate drilling expedition in the Ulleung Basin (UBGH2)[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2013,47(11):1-20.
[14] Holland M, Schultheiss P, Roberts J, Druce M. Observed gas hydrate morphologies in marine sediments[R]. Presented at 6th International Conference on Gas Hydrates, Vancouver, British Columbia, 2008.
[15] Collett T S, Boswell R, Cochran J R, Kumar P, Lall M, Mazumdar A, et al. Geologic implications of gas hydrates in the offshore of India:results of the national gas hydrate program expedition 01[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2014,58(Part A):3-28.
[16] Kumar P, Collett T S, Boswell R, Cochran J R, Lall M, Mazumdar A, et al. Geologic implications of gas hydrates in the offshore of India:Krishna-Godovari Basin, Mahanadi Basin, Andaman Sea, and Kerala-Konkan Basin[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2014,58(Part A):29-98
[17] Collett T S, Ladd J. Detection of gas hydrate with downhole logs and assessment of gas hydrate concentrations (saturations) and gas volumes at the Blake Ridge with electrical resistivity log data[C]//Paull C, Matsumoto R, Wallace P J, Dillon W P, eds. Proceedings of the ocean drilling program,scientific results volume 164. 2000:179-191.
[18] Westbrook G K, Chand S, Rossi G,Long C, Bünz S, Camerlenghi A, et al. Estimation of gas hydrate concentration from multicomponent seismic data at sites on the continental margin of nw svalbard and the storegga region of Norway[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology,2008, 25(8):744-758.
[19] Winters W, Walker M, Hunter R, Collett T,Boswell R, Rose K, et al. Physical properties of sediment from the Mount Elbert gas hydrate stratigraphic test well, Alaska North Slope[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2011,28(2):361-380.
[20] Boswell R, Shelander D, Lee M, Latham T, Collett T, Guerin G, et al. Gas hydrate occurrence in Oligocene frio sand:Alaminos Canyon block 818, Gulf of Mexico[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology,2009,26(8):1499-1512.
[21] Fujii T, Namikawa T, Okui T,Kawasaki M, Ochiai K, Nakamizu M, et al. Methane hydrate occurrence and saturation confirmed from core samples, eastern Nankai Trough, Japan[C]//Collett T S,Johnson A, Knapp C, Boswell R,eds. Natural gas hydrates-energy resource potential and associated geologic hazards. AAPG Memoir 89, 2009:385-400.
[22] Chapman R, Pohlman J, Coffin R, Chanton J, Lapham L. Thermogenic gas hydrates in the northern Cascadia margin[J]. Eos,2004,85(38):361-368.
[23] Yamamoto K,Dallimore S. AURORA-JOGMEC-NRCan Mallik 2006-2008 gas hydrate research project progress[J]. Fire in the Ice, 2008,8(3):1-5.
[24] Ignik Sikumi gas hydrate exchange trial project team. Ignik Sikumi gas hydrate field trial completed[J]. Fire in the Ice, 2012,12(1):1-3.
[25] Yamamoto K. Japan complete first offshore methane hydrate production test-methane successfully produced from deepwater hydrate layers[J]. Fire in the Ice, 2013,13(2):1-2.
[26] 卢振权,吴能友,陈建文,龚建明,吴必豪.试论天然气水合物成藏系统[J]. 现代地质,2008,22(3):363-375. Lu Zhenquan, Wu Nengyou, Chen Jianwen, Gong Jianming, Wu Bihao. Preliminary discussion on gas hydrate geological system[J]. Geoscience, 2008,22(3):363-375.
[27] Collett T S. Gas hydrate petroleum systems in marine and Arctic permafrost environments[R]. GCSSEPM Proceedings, 2009.
[28] Max M D, Johnson A H. Hydrate petroleum system approach to natural gas hydrate exploration[J]. Petroleum Geoscience, 2014,20(2):187-199.
[29] 刘志安.天然气水合物生成机理和热力学模型研究[D]. 东营:中国石油大学(华东),2007. Liu Zhian. Research on natural gas hydrate formation and thermodynamic model[D]. Dongying:China University of Petroleum (East China), 2007.
[30] 金庆焕,张光学,杨木壮,陈强,王宏斌,陈芳,等.天然气水合物资源概论[M]. 北京:科学出版社,2006. Jin Qinghuan, Zhang Guangxue, Yang Muzhuang, Chen Qiang, Wang Hongbin, Chen Fang, et al. Overview of natural gas hydrate resources[M]. Beijing:Science Press, 2006.
[31] 郭平,刘士鑫,杜建芬.天然气水合物气藏开发[M]. 北京:石油工业出版社,2006. Guo Ping, Liu Shixin, Du Jianfen. Reservoir development of natural gas hydrate[M]. Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press, 2006.
[32] Stern L A, Kirby S H, Durham W B. Polycrystalline methane hydrate:synthesis from superheated ice, and low temperature mechanical properties[J]. Energy Fuels, 1998,12(2):201-211.
[33] Max M D, Johnson A H, Dillon W P. Economic geology of natural gas hydrate[M]. Springer,Dordrecht,2006.
[34] Gornitz V, Fung I. Potential distribution of methane hydrates in the world's oceans[J]. Global Biogeochem Cycles, 1994,8(3):335-347.
[35] Paull C K, Ussler W, Borowski W S. Sources of biogenic methane to form marine gas hydrates in situ production or upward migration?[J]. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1993,715(1):392-409.
[36] Gay A, Lopez M, Berndt C, Séranne M. Geological controls on focused fluid flow associated with seafloor seeps in the Lower Congo Basin[J]. Marine Geology, 2007,244(1-4):68-92.
[37] Ginsburg G D, Soloviev V A, Cranston R E, Lorenson T D, Kvenvolden K A. Gas hydrates from the continental slope offshore Sakhalin island, Okhotsk sea[J]. Geo-Marine Letters, 1993,13(1):41-48.
[38] Uchida T,Tsuji T. Petrophysical properties of natural gas hydrates-bearing sands and their sedimentology in the Nankai Trough[J]. Resource Geology,2004,54(1):79-87.
[39] Uchida T, Waseda A, Namikawa T. Methane accumulation and high concentration of gas hydrate in marine and terrestrial sandy sediments[C]//Collett T, Johnson A, Knapp C, Boswell R,eds. Natural gas hydrates-energy resource potential and associated geologic hazards. AAPG Memoir 89,2009:401-413.
[40] 邹才能,陶士振,白斌,杨智,朱如凯,侯连华,等.论非常规油气与常规油气的区别和联系[J]. 中国石油勘探,2015,20(1):1-16. Zou Caineng, Tao Shizhen, Bai Bin, Yang Zhi, Zhu Rukai, Hou Lianhua, et al. Differences and relations between unconventional and conventional oil and gas[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2015,20(1):1-16.
[41] 邹才能,张国生,杨智,陶士振,侯连华,朱如凯,等.非常规油气概念、特征、潜力及技术——兼论非常规油气地质学[J]. 石油勘探与开发,2013,40(4):385-409. Zou Caineng, Zhang Guosheng, Yang Zhi, Tao Shizhen, Hou Lianhua, Zhu Rukai, et al. Geological concepts, characteristics, resource potential and key techniques of unconventional hydrocarbon:on unconventional petroleum geology[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development,2013,40(4):385-409.
[42] 乔少华,苏明,杨睿,匡增桂,梁金强,吴能友.海域天然气水合物钻探研究进展及启示:储集层特征[J]. 新能源进展,2015,3(5):357-366. Qiao Shaohua, Su Ming,Yang Rui, Kuang Zenggui, Liang Jinqiang, Wu Nengyou. The progress and revelations of marine gas hydrate explorations:reservoir characteristics[J]. Advances in New and Renewable Energy,2015,3(5):357-366.
[43] Sloan E D, Koh C A. Clathrate hydrate of natural gases(3rd Edition)[M]. New York:CRC Press, 2008.
[44] Shipley T H. Seismic evidence for widespread possible gas hydrate horizons on continental slopes and rises[J]. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,1979,63(12):2204-2213.
[45] Hornbach M J, Bangs N L, Berndt C. Detecting hydrate and fluid flow from bottom simulating reflector depth anomalies[J]. Geology,2012,40(3):227-230.
[46] Rajan A, Bünz S, Mienert J, Smith A R. Gas hydrate systems in petroleum provinces of the SW-Barents sea[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology,2013,46(3):92-106.
[47] 丛晓荣,吴能友,苏明,杨睿,乔少华,毛小平.天然气水合物资源量估算研究进展及展望[J]. 新能源进展,2014,2(6):462-470. Cong Xiaorong, Wu Nengyou, Su Ming, Yang Rui, Qiao Shaohua, Mao Xiaoping. New progress and outlook of potential resources volume of natural gas hydrate[J]. Advances in New and Renewable Energy, 2014,2(6):462-470.
[48] Milkov A V. Global estimates of hydrate-bound gas in marine sediments:how much is really out there?[J]. Earth-Science Reviews,2004,66(3):183-197.
[49] Kvenvolden K A. Methane hydrate-a major reservoir of carbon in the shallow geosphere?[J]. Chemical Geology,1988,71(1-3):41-51.
[50] Tréhu A M, Torres M E, Bohrmann G, Colwell F S. Leg 204 synthesis:gas hydrate distribution and dynamics in the Cascadia accretionary complex[C]//Tréhu A M, Bohrmann G,Torres M E, Colwell F S, eds. Proceedings of the ocean drilling program, scientific results volume 204. 2006:204.
[51] 苏明, 杨睿, 吴能友, 王宏斌, 梁金强, 沙志彬, 等. 南海北部陆坡区神狐海域构造特征及对水合物的控制[J]. 地质学报, 2014,88(3):318-326. Su Ming, Yang Rui, Wu Nengyou, Wang Hongbin, Liang Jinqiang, Sha Zhibin, et al. Structural characteristics in the Shenhu area,northern continental slope of South China Sea, and their influences on gas hydrate[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 2014,88(3):318-326.
[52] Milkov A V, Sassen R. Economic geology of offshore gas hydrate accumulations and provinces[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2002,19(1):1-11.
[53] Hovland M, Gallagher J W, Clennel M B, Lekvam K. Gas hydrate and free gas volumes in marine sediments:example from the Niger Delta front[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 1997,14(3):245-255.
[54] Yamamoto K. Overview and introduction:pressure coresampling and analyses in the 2012-2013 MH21 offshore test of gas production from methane hydrates in the eastern Nankai trough[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology,2015,66(Part 2):296-309.
[55] Fujii T,Suzuki K, Takayama T, Tamaki M, Komatsu Y, Konno Y, et al. Geological setting and characterization of a methane hydrate reservoir distributed at the first offshore production test site on the Daini Atsumi Knoll in the eastern Nankai trough, Japan[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2015,66(Part 2):310-322.
[56] Research consortium for methane hydrate resources in Japan. Japan's methane hydrate R&D program-phase 1 comprehensive report of research results[R]. 2008.
[57] 樊栓狮,关进安,梁德青,宁伏龙.天然气水合物动态成藏理论[J]. 天然气地球科学,2007,18(6):819-826. Fan Shuanshi, Guan Jin'an, Liang Deqing, Ning Fulong. A dynamic theory on natural gas hydrate reservoir formation[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience, 2007,18(6):819-826.
[58] 陈萍,方念乔.天然气体水合物在地质作用过程中变化的探讨[J]. 地球科学——中国地质大学学报,2002,27(4):441-445. Chen ping, Fang Nianqiao. Study on changes of gas-hydrate under various geological processes[J]. Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences, 2002,27(4):441-445.
[59] Borowski W S. A review of methane and gas hydrates in the dynamic,stratified system of the Blake Ridge region,offshore southeastern North America[J]. Chemical Geology, 2004, 205(3/4):311-346.
[60] Heeschen K U, Collier R W, de Angelis M A, Suess E, Rehder G, Linke P, et al. Methane sources, distributions, and fluxes from cold vent sites at Hydrate Ridge, Cascadia margin[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2005,19(2):1-19.
[61] Jin Y K, Kim Y G, Baranov B, Shoji H, Obzhirov A. Distribution and expression of gas seeps in a gas hydrate province of the northeastern sakhalin continental slope, sea of Okhotsk[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology,2011,28(10):1844-1855.
[62] 何家雄,颜文,祝有海,胡杨,张景茹,龚晓峰.全球天然气水合物成矿气体成因类型及气源构成与主控因素[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质, 2013,33(2):121-128. He Jiaxiong, Yan Wen, Zhu Youhai, Hu Yang, Zhang Jingru, Gong Xiaofeng. Genetic types of gas hydrate in the world and their main controlling factors[J]. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 2013,33(2):121-128.
[63] Tréhu A M, Ruppel C, Holland M, Dickens G R, Torres M E, Collett T S, et al. Gas hydrates in marine sediments:lessons from scientific ocean drilling[J]. Oceanography,2006, 19(4):124-142.
[64] Nakajima T, Kakuwa Y, Yasudomi Y, Itaki T, Motoyama I, Tomiyama T, et al. Formation of pockmarks and submarine canyons associated with dissociation of gas hydrates on the Joetsu Knoll, eastern margin of the sea of Japan[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2014,90:228-242.
[65] Sun Yunbao, Wu Shiguo, Dong Dongdong, Lüdmann T, Gong Yuehua. Gas hydrates associated with gas chimneys in fine-grained sediments of the northern South China Sea[J].Marine Geology, 2012,311-314:32-40.
[66] Kim G Y, Narantsetseg B, Ryu B J, Yoo D G, Lee J Y, Kim H S, et al. Fracture orientation and induced anisotropy of gas hydrate-bearing sediments in seismic chimney-like-structures of the Ulleung Basin,East Sea[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2013,47(11):182-194.
[67] Rowan M G, Jackson M P A, Trudgill B D. Salt-related fault families and fault welds in the northern Gulf of Mexico[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 1999,83(9):1454-1484.
[68] Cathles L M, Su Zheng, Chen Duofu. The physics of gas chimney and pockmark formation, with implications for assessment of seafloor hazards and gas sequestration[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2010,27(1)82-91.
[69] Petersen C J, Bünz S, Hustoft S, Hustoft S, Mienert J, Klaeschen D. High-resolution P-Cable 3D seismic imaging of gas chimney structures in gas hydrated sediments of an arctic sediment drift[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2010,27(9):1981-1994.
[70] Riedel M, Collett T S, Shankar U. Documenting channel features associated with gas hydrates in the Krishna-Godavari Basin, Offshore India[J]. Marine Geology, 2011,279(1-4):1-11.
[71] Lee J Y, Yun T S, Santamarina J C, Ruppel C. Observations related to tetrahydrofuran and methane hydrates for laboratory studies of hydrate bearing sediments[J]. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 2007,8(6):57-77.
[72] Waite W F, Santamarina J C, Cortes D D, Dugan B, Espinoza D N, Germaine J, et al. Physical properties of hydrate-bearing sediments[J]. Reviews of Geophysics, 2009,47(4):465-484.
[73] Waite W F, Winters W J, Mason D H. Methane hydrate formation in partially water-saturated Ottawa sand[J]. American Mineralogist, 2004,89(8-9):1202-1207.
[74] Zhang Guangxue, Yang Shengxiong, Zhang Ming, Liang Jinqiang, Lu Jingan, Holland M, et al. GMGS2 expedition investigates rich and complex gas hydrate environment in the South China Sea[J]. Fire in the Ice, 2014,14(1):1-5.
[75] Dangayach S, Singh D N, Kumar P, Dewri S K, Roy B, Tandi C, et al. Thermal instability of gas hydrate bearing sediments:some issues[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2015,67:653-662.
[76] 王健,邱文弦,赵俐红. 天然气水合物发育的构造背景分析[J]. 地质科技情报,2010,29(2):100-106. Wang Jian, Qiu Wenxian, Zhao Lihong. Tectonic settings analysis of gas hydrate deposits development[J]. Geological Science and Technology Information,2010,29(2):100-106.
[77] Komatsu Y, Suzuki K, Fujii T. Sequence stratigraphy and controls on gas hydrate occurrence in the eastern Nankai Trough, Japan[J]. Interpretation,2016,4(1):SA73-SA81.
[78] 龚建明,何玉华,李刚. 天然气水合物储集层的控制因素[J]. 海洋地质动态,2007,23(8):1-3. Gong Jianming, He Yuhua, Li Gang. Control factors of natural gas hydrate reservoir[J]. Marine Geology Letters, 2007,23(8):1-3.
[79] 思娜,安雷,邓辉,孙键,光新军.天然气水合物开采技术研究进展及思考[J]. 中国石油勘探, 2016,21(5):52-61. Si Na, An Lei, Deng Hui, Sun Jian, Guang Xinjun. Discussion on natural gas hydrate production technologies[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2016,21(5):52-61.
[80] 杨远,肖传桃,李永臣,黄庆东,陈辉娜,李建忠.基于ICP技术的天然气水合物开采方案[J]. 中国石油勘探,2017,22(5):111-118. Yang Yuan, Xiao Chuantao, Li Yongchen, Huang Qingdong, Chen Huina, Li Jianzhong. Exploitation of natural gas hydrate based on ICP technology[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2017,22(5):111-118.
[81] Boswell R,Collett T S. The gas hydrates resource pyramid[J]. Fire in the Ice, 2006,6(3):5-7.
[82] 樊栓狮. 天然气水合物储存与运输技术[M]. 北京:化学工业出版社, 2005. Fan Shuanshi. Natural gas hydrate storage and transportation technology[M]. Beijing:Chemical Industry Press, 2005.
[84] Nakoryakov V E, Misyura S Ya. The features of selfpreservation for hydrate systems with methane[J]. Chemical Engineering Science,2013,104:1-9.
[83] 孙可明,王婷婷,翟诚,罗惠玉.天然气水合物加热分解储层变形破坏规律研究[J]. 特种油气藏,2017,24(5):91-96. Sun Keming, Wang Tingting, Zhai Cheng,Luo Huiyu. Patterns of reservoir deformation due to thermal decomposition of natural gas hydrates[J]. Special Oil & Gas Reservoirs, 2017,24(5):91-96.