中国深层煤岩气成藏特征与发展前景展望

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2025.04.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 我国深层煤岩气一般指>1500m以深，且具备保存条件的煤层中含有的游离气与吸附气的总称，是一类成藏条件与页岩气相似而与浅层煤层气有不同的天然气资源。我国深层煤岩气资源潜力大，及早认识这类资源的形成条件与分布特征，对指导推动加快深层煤岩气储、产量增长具有重要意义。在有限探井和试采资料研究基础上，提出我国陆上煤岩气主要发育在潮坪—瀉湖、湖滨沼泽和三角洲沼泽环境形成的煤层中，微米—纳米级孔喉和割理裂隙是煤岩气主要储集空间；深层煤岩气以游离态和吸附态并存方式聚集成藏，其中游离气占比较高是深层煤岩气区别于浅层煤层气的重要特征。深层煤岩气按气源供应分为自生自储与它生自储两大类，后者游离气占比更高；有效盖层和较大埋深是深层煤岩气形成的重要条件。本文认为，我国发育中高阶煤（R_o≥1.3%）和中低阶煤（R_o＜1.3%）煤岩气两大类型。中高阶深层煤岩气富集得益于高阶煤岩的生气潜力大、地层含水少、构造相对稳定、煤岩割理裂缝发育与主力煤层顶底板具备遮挡条件；中低阶煤岩气的富集得益于低生气量累计富集、连续分布的优质煤层、构造—气源耦合控藏。此外，与煤岩共生的致密砂（灰）岩中富集的天然气也是中低阶煤岩气的重要贡献者。我国深层煤岩气资源丰富，勘探尚处于起步阶段，未来煤岩气产量将快速上升，预计在2040年前后达到峰值。

关键词: 深层煤岩气, 游离气, 吸附气, 成藏条件, 分布特征, 发展前景

Abstract: Deep coal-rock gas in China generally refers to the combination of free gas and adsorbed gas stored in coal seams deeper than 1500m and with a favorable preservation conditions. It is a type of natural gas resource with condition characteristics similar to shale gas but different from shallow coalbed methane. China shows great potential for deep coal-rock gas resources. An early understanding of its formation conditions and distribution characteristics is crucial for guiding and accelerating the reserve and production growth of deep coal-rock gas.Based on limited exploration well and trial production data, this study proposes that China’s onshore coal-rock gas mainly develops in coal seams formed in tidal flat-lagoons, lakeside swamps, and delta swamps; Micro- to nano-scale pores and cleavage fractures serve as the main storage spaces for coal-rock gas; Deep coal-rock gas accumulates into reservoirs by means of free and adsorbed states, with a relatively high proportion of free gas being an important characteristic that distinguishes it from shallow coalbed methane; Deep coal-rock gas can be divided into two categories based on gas sources: self-generated and self-stored, and externally-sourced and self-stored, with the latter exhibiting a greater proportion of free gas; Effective sealing layers and deep burial depth are essential conditions for the formation of deep coal-rock gas.Furthermore, this study identifies two major types of coal-rock in China: medium- and high-rank coal (R_o≥ 1.3%) and low- and medium-rank coal (R_o< 1.3%). In medium- and high-rank coal, the enrichment of coal-rock gas benefits from the high gas generation potential, low formation water content, stable structure, well-developed cleats, and effective sealing conditions from the roof and floor. In low- and mediumrank coal, the enrichment of coal-rock gas is attributed to the cumulative enrichment of low gas generation rate, continuous distribution of high-quality coal seams, coupling of structure and gas sources. In addition, natural gas accumulated in adjacent tight sandstone (limestone) is also an important contributor to low- and medium-rank coal-rock gas. China’s deep coal-rock gas resources are abundant, yet exploration remains in its early stages. In the future, deep coal-rock gas production will rise rapidly, and is expected to reach its peak around 2040.

Key words: Deep coal-rock gas, Free gas, Adsorbed gas, Accumulation conditions, Distribution characteristics, Development prospects

中图分类号:

TE122.1

赵文智, 曹正林, 刘运宸, 黄福喜, 林世国, 陈克非, 丁麟. 中国深层煤岩气成藏特征与发展前景展望[J]. 中国石油勘探, 2025, 30(4): 26-42.

Zhao Wenzhi, Cao Zhenglin, Liu Yunchen, Huang Fuxi, Lin Shiguo, Chen Kefei, Ding Lin. Characteristics and development prospects of deep coal-rock gas accumulation in China[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2025, 30(4): 26-42.

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