深层—超深层碳酸盐岩储层地震预测技术研究进展与趋势

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2020.03.014

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 碳酸盐岩储层是中国陆上油气勘探的重要类型，已在塔里木、四川、鄂尔多斯等盆地发现了一批大中型油气田。但随着勘探不断发展，深层—超深层强非均质性碳酸盐岩储层将成为规模勘探的重要对象，与之相适应的地震预测技术存在理论方法薄弱、预测精度较低等问题。通过“十三五”攻关研究，在理论研究及新技术方面取得重要进展，其中裂缝—多孔隙介质岩石物理模型复杂波场正反演及碳酸盐岩数字岩心岩石物理分析与储层孔隙结构识别等方法创新为开发储层预测新技术奠定了重要基础，地震梯度结构张量小断裂识别、云变换随机模拟缝洞储层定量化预测、基于叠前弹性参数反演和分频属性的气藏检测等新技术则有效提高了断裂、储层及流体识别精度。在此基础上并结合强非均质性碳酸盐岩储层地震预测技术研究现状，提出技术发展建议：按照“深度融合、精细化和智能化”发展趋势，强化基于孔隙形态非均质性、裂缝诱导各向异性、具有频散和衰减的裂缝—孔隙介质的岩石物理建模方法等基础理论研究，重点发展基于双相介质频率、频散与衰减等波动力学特征的储层敏感属性精细化地震预测、基于数字岩心岩石物理分析的储层孔隙结构地震预测、人工智能碳酸盐岩储层定量预测及流体检测等技术。

关键词: 深层, 碳酸盐岩, 强非均质性, 地震预测

Abstract: Carbonate reservoirs are a major area for onshore oil and gas exploration in China. A number of large and medium- sized oil and gas fields have been discovered in carbonate reservoirs in the Tarim, Sichuan, Ordos and other basins. With continuous exploration, deep and ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs with strong heterogeneity will play an important role in large-scale exploration. However, there are some issues with the related seismic prediction technologies, such as weak theoretical methods and low prediction accuracy. During the 13th Five Year Plan period, important progress has been made in theoretical research and new technologies. Among them, innovative methods, such as a petrophysical model for forward and inversion modeling of complex wave fields of fracture-porous media, petrophysical analysis and reservoir pore structure identification by digital carbonate rock core data, have laid an important foundation for the development of new technologies for reservoir prediction. New technologies, such as small faults identification by seismic gradient structure tensor, quantitative prediction of fracture- cavity reservoirs by cloud transform stochastic simulation, and gas reservoir detection based on pre-stack elastic parameter inversion and frequency division attributes, have effectively improved the recognition accuracy of fault, reservoir and fluid. On this basis, combined with the research status of seismic prediction technologies for carbonate reservoirs with strong heterogeneity, some suggestions for technical development are proposed. According to the development trend of “deep fusion, refinement and intelligentization”, basic theoretical research is strengthened, such as petrophysical modeling methods based on fracture-porous media with heterogeneity of pore shape, fracture-induced anisotropy, and characteristics of dispersion and attenuation. New technologies should be focused on, such as refined seismic prediction technology for reservoir sensitive attributes based on two-phase medium frequency, wave dynamic characteristics such as dispersion and attenuation, seismic prediction technology for reservoir pore structure based on petrophysical analysis of digital core, and quantitative prediction and fluid detection of carbonate reservoirs by artificial intelligence.

中图分类号:

潘建国, 李劲松, 王宏斌, 李闯, 丰超, 周俊峰. 深层—超深层碳酸盐岩储层地震预测技术研究进展与趋势[J]. 中国石油勘探, 2020, 25(3): 156-166.

Pan Jianguo, Li Jinsong, Wang Hongbin, Li Chuang, Feng Chao, Zhou Junfeng. Research progress and trend of seismic prediction technology for deep and ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2020, 25(3): 156-166.

参考文献

[1] 李阳，薛兆杰，程喆，蒋海军，王濡岳. 中国深层油气勘探开发进展与发展方向[J]. 中国石油勘探，2020,25(1):45-57. Li Yang, Xue Zhaojie, Cheng Zhe, Jiang Haijun, Wang Ruyue. Progress and development directions of deep oil and gas exploration and development in China[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2020,25(1):45-57.
[2] 侯启军，何海清，李建忠，杨涛. 中国石油天然气股份有限公司近期油气勘探进展及前景展望[J]. 中国石油勘探，2018,23(1):1-13. Hou Qijun, He Haiqing, Li Jianzhong, Yang Tao. Recent progress and prospect of oil and gas exploration by PetroChina Company Limited[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2018,23(1):1-13.
[3] 蔡勋育，刘金连，赵培荣，刘超英，程喆. 中国石化油气勘探进展与上游业务发展战略[J]. 中国石油勘探，2020,25(1):11-19. Cai Xunyu, Liu Jinlian, Zhao Peirong, Liu Chaoying, Cheng Zhe. Exploration progress and upstream development strategy of Sinopec[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2020,25(1):11-19.
[4] 杜金虎，田军，李国欣，杨海军，张义杰，李勇，等. 库车坳陷秋里塔格构造带的战略突破与前景展望[J]. 中国石油勘探，2019,24(1):16-22. Du Jinhu, Tian Jun, Li Guoxin, Yang Haijun, Zhang Yijie, Li Yong, et al . Strategic breakthrough and prospect of Qiulitag structural belt in Kuqa depression[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2019,24(1):16-22.
[5] 杨海军，陈永权，田军，杜金虎，朱永峰，李洪辉，等. 塔里木盆地轮探1 井超深层油气勘探重大发现与意义[J]. 中国石油勘探，2020, 25(2):62-72. Yang Haijun, Chen Yongquan, Tian Jun, Du Jinhu, Zhu Yongfeng, Li Honghui, et al . Great discovery and its significance of ultra-deep oil and gas exploration in well Luntan-1 of the Tarim Basin[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2020,25(2):62-72.
[6] 李剑，佘源琦，高阳，杨桂茹，李明鹏，杨慎. 中国陆上深层—超深层天然气勘探领域及潜力[J]. 中国石油勘探，2019,24(4):403-417. Li Jian, She Yuanqi, Gao Yang, Yang Guiru, Li Mingpeng, Yang Shen. Onshore deep and ultra-deep natural gas exploration fields and potentials in China[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2019,24(4):403-417.
[7] 卞从胜，汪泽成，江青春，池英柳，徐兆辉. 四川盆地川西地区雷口坡组岩溶储层特征与分布[J]. 中国石油勘探，2019,24(1):82-93. Bian Congsheng, Wang Zecheng, Jiang Qingchun, Chi Yingliu, Xu Zhaohui. Characteristics and distribution of karst reservoirs in the Leikoupo Formation, western Sichuan Basin[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2019,24(1):82-93.
[8] 赵政璋，赵贤正，王英民. 地震储层预测理论与实践[M]. 北京：科学出版社，2005. Zhao Zhengzhang, Zhao Xianzheng, Wang Yingmin. Theory and practice of seismic reservoir prediction[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2005.
[9] 甘利灯，张昕，王峣钧，孔丽云，杨廷强. 从勘探领域变化看地震储层预测技术现状和发展趋势[J]. 石油地球物理勘探，2018,53(1): 214-225. Gan Lideng, Zhang Xin, Wang Yaojun, Kong Liyun, Yang Tingqiang. Current situation and development trend of seismic reservoir prediction technology from the perspective of changes in exploration field[J]. Oil Geophysical Prospecting, 2018,53(1): 214-225.
[10] 撒利明，杨午阳，姚逢昌，印兴耀，雍学善. 地震反演技术回顾与展望[J]. 石油地球物理勘探，2015,50(1):184-202. Sa Liming, Yang Wuyang,Yao Fengchang, Yin Xingyao, Yong Xueshan. Review and Prospect of seismic inversion technology[J]. Oil Geophysical Prospecting, 2015,50(1):184-202.
[11] Tarantola A. A strategy for nonlinear elastic inversion of seismic reflection data[J]. Geophysics, 1986,51(10):1893-1903.
[12] Biot M A.Theory of propagation of elastic waves in a fluid saturated porous solid, Ⅰ : Low-frequency range, and Ⅱ : Higher-frequency Range[J]. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1956,28(2):168-178.
[13] Jakobsen M. The interacting inclusion model of waveinduced fluid flow[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 2004,158(3):1168-1176.
[14] Baechle G T, Al-Kharusi L, Eberli G P. Effect of spherical pore shapes on acoustic properties in carbonates[J]. AAPG Annual Convention, Abstracts Volume, 2007,16:7.
[15] Weger R J, Eberli G P, Baechle G T, Massaferro J L, Sun Y F. Quantification of pore structure and its effect on sonic velocity and permeability in carbonates[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 2009,93(10): 1297-1317.
[16] 董良国. 地震波数值模拟与反演中的几个关键问题研究[D]. 上海：同济大学，2003. Dong Liangguo. Several key problems in numerical simulation and inversion of seismic waves[D]. Shanghai: Tongji University, 2003.
[17] Yan J, Sava P. Isotropic angle-domain elastic reverse-time migration[J]. Geophysics, 2008,73(6):229-239.
[18] Yan J, Sava P. 3D elastic wave mode separation for TTI media[C]. 79th Annual International Meeting, SEG, Expanded Abstracts, 2009,28:4294-4298.
[19] Ruger A. Reflection coefficients and azimuthal AVO analysis in anisotropic Media[D]. Colorado: Colorado School of Mines,1996.
[20] Connolly P. Elastic impedance[J]. Geophysics, 1999,18(4): 438-452.
[21] Whitecombe D N. Elastic impedance normalization[J]. Geophysics, 2002,67(1):60-62.
[22] 吴俊峰，姚姚，撒利明. 碳酸盐岩特殊孔洞型构造地震响应特征分析[J]. 石油地球物理勘探，2007,42(2):180-185. Wu Junfeng, Yao Yao, Sa Liming. Analysis of seismic response characteristics of special pore structure of carbonate rock[J]. Oil Geophysical Prospecting, 2007,42(2):180-185.
[23] 孙东，张虎权，潘文庆，王宏斌，韩剑发，滕团余. 塔中地区碳酸盐岩洞穴型储集层波动方程正演模拟[J]. 新疆石油地质，2010,31(1):44-46. Sun Dong, Zhang Huquan, Pan Wenqing, Wang Hongbin, Han Jianfa, Teng Tuanyu.Wave equation forward modeling of carbonate cave reservoir in Tazhong area[J]. Xinjiang Petroleum Geology, 2010,31(1):44-46.
[24] 潘建国，潘文庆，卫平生，王宏斌，陈广坡，李孔稠. 塔里木盆地台盆区下古生界储层综合探测[J].天然气工业，2005,25（增刊B）:34-36. Pan Jianguo, Pan Wenqing, Wei Pingsheng, Wang Hongbin, Chen Guangpo, Li Kongchou. Comprehensive exploration of Lower Paleozoic reservoir in Tarim Basin[J]. Natural Gas Industry, 2005,25(SB):34-36.
[25] 张昕，郑晓东. 裂缝发育带地震识别预测技术研究进展[J]. 石油地球物理勘探，2005,40(6):724-730. Zhang Xin, Zheng Xiaodong. Research progress of seismic identification and prediction technology for fracture development zone[J]. Oil Geophysical Prospecting, 2005,40(6):724-730.
[26] 莫午零，吴朝东. 碳酸盐岩风化壳储层的地球物理预测方法[J]. 北京大学学报：自然科学版，2006,4(6):704-706. Mo Wuling, Wu Chaodong. Geophysical prediction method of carbonate weathering crust reservoir[J]. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, 2006,4(6):704-706.
[27] 杨海军，胡太平，于红枫，李新生，赵宽志，董立胜. 塔中地区上奥陶统礁滩复合体储层地震预测技术[J]. 石油与天然气地质，2008,29(2):230-236. Yang Haijun, Hu Taiping, Yu Hongfeng, Li Xinsheng, Zhao Kuanzhi,Dong Lisheng.Seismic prediction technology of Upper Ordovician Reef Beach Complex Reservoir in Tazhong area[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2008,29(2):230-236.
[28] 王宏斌，张虎权，孙东，龚洪林，王振卿，李闯. 风化壳岩溶储层地质— 地震综合预测技术与应用[J]. 天然气地球科学，2009,20(1):62-71. Wang Hongbin, Zhang Huquan, Sun Dong, Gong Honglin, Wang Zhenqing, Li Chuang. Comprehensive geological seismic prediction technology and application of weathering crust karst reservoir[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience, 2009,20(1):62-71.
[29] 王振卿, 王宏斌, 张虎权, 张继娟，武雪琼. 分频波阻抗反演技术在塔中西部台内滩储层预测中的应用[J]. 天然气地球科学，2014, 25(11):34-37. Wang Zhenqing, Wang Hongbin, Zhang Huquan, Zhang Jijuan, Wu Xueqiong. The application of frequency division wave impedance inversion technology in the prediction of inner beach reservoir in the central and Western Tarim Basin[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience, 2014,25(11):34-37.
[30] 石玉梅，姚逢昌，孙虎生，齐莉. 地震密度反演及地层孔隙度估计[J]. 地球物理学报，2010,53(1):189-196. Shi Yumei, Yao Fengchang, Sun Husheng, Qi Li. Inversion of seismic density and estimation of formation porosity[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2010,53(1):189-196.
[31] 姚清洲，孟祥霞，张虎权，王锦喜. 地震趋势异常识别技术及其在碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层预测中的应用——以塔里木盆地英买2 井区为例 [J]. 石油学报，2013,34(1):105-110. Yao Qingzhou, Meng Xiangxia, Zhang Huquan, Wang Jinxi. Seismic trend anomaly recognition technology and its application in carbonate fracture vug reservoir prediction - Taking Yingmai 2 well area in Tarim Basin as an example[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2013,34(1):105-110.
[32] 苑书金. 叠前地震反演技术的进展及其在岩性油气藏勘探中的应用[J]. 地球物理学进展，2007,22(3):879-886. Yuan Shujin. Development of prestack seismic inversion technology and its application in lithologic reservoir exploration[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2007,22(3):879-886.
[33] 苑闻京. 叠前反演和地震吸收技术在复杂天然气藏地震预测中的应用[J]. 地球物理学进展，2012,27(3):1107-1115. Yuan Wenjing. Application of prestack inversion and Seismic Absorption Technology in seismic prediction of complex natural gas reservoirs[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2012,27(3):1107-1115.
[34] 殷文. 叠前地震反演关键技术及影响因素分析与研究[J]. 地球物理学进展，2013,28(6):164-174. Yin Wen. The analysis on the key techniques and influence factors of prestack seismic inversion[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2013,28(6):164-174.
[35] 宗兆云, 印兴耀, 吴国忱. 基于叠前地震纵横波模量直接反演的流体检测方法[J]. 地球物理学报，2012,55(1):284-292. Zong Zhaoyun, Yin Xingyao, Wu Guochen. Fluid detection method based on direct inversion of pre stack seismic P-wave modulus[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2012,55(1):284-292.
[36] 印兴耀，崔维，宗兆云，刘晓晶. 基于弹性阻抗的储层物性参数预测方法[J]. 地球物理学报，2014,57(12):4132-4140. Yin Xingyao, Cui Wei, Zong Zhaoyun, Liu Xiaojing. Prediction method of reservoir physical parameters based on elastic impedance[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2014,57(12): 4132-4140.
[37] 狄贵东，孙赞东，庞雄奇，彭更新，刘立峰，张远银. 塔里木盆地深层复杂碳酸盐岩油气藏地球物理预测与评价——以ZG8 井区鹰山组为例[J]. 石油学报，2015,36( 增刊2):82-91. Di Guidong, Sun Zandong, Pang Xiongqi, Peng Gengxin, Liu Lifeng,Zhang Yuanyin.Geophysical prediction and evaluation of deep complex carbonate reservoir in Tarim Basin - Taking Yingshan formation in well ZG8 as an example[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2015,36(S2):82-91.
[38] Krzikalla F, Müller T M. Anisotropic P-SV-wave dispersion and attenuation due to inter-layer flow in thinly layered porous rocks[J]. Geophysics, 2011,76(3):WA135.
[39] Cleary M P, Chen I W, Lee S M. Self-consistent techniques for heterogeneous media[J]. Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, 2015,106(5):861-887.
[40] Norris A. A differential scheme for the effective moduli of composites[J]. Mechanics of Materials, 1985,4(1):1-16.
[41] Kong L Y, Gurevich B, Zhang Y, Wang Y B. Effect of fracture fill on frequency dependent anisotropy of fractured porous rocks[J]. Geophysical Prospecting, 2017,65(6):1649-1661.
[42] Lucia F J. Petrophysical parameters estimated from visual descriptions of carbonate rocks: A field classification of carbonate pore space[J]. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 1983,35(3),629-637.
[43] 王海洋，孙赞东，Mark CHAPMAN. 岩石中波传播速度频散与衰减[J]. 石油学报，2012,33(2):332-342. Wang Haiyang, Sun Zandong, Mark CHAPMAN. Dispersion and attenuation of wave propagation velocity in rocks[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2012,33(2):332-342.
[44] Garboczi E J, Berryman J G. Elastic moduli of a material containing composite inclusions: effective medium theory and finite element computations[J]. Mechanics of Materials, 2001,33(8):455-470.
[45] Sun Y F. Core-log-seismic integration in hemipelagic marine sediments on the eastern flank of the Juan De Fuca Ridge[J]. ODP Scientific Results, 2000,168(1),21-35.
[46] Bahorich M S, Farmer S L. 3-D seismic discontinuity for faults and stratigraphic features: [J]. The Leading Edge, 1995,14(10):1053-1058.
[47] Bakker P. Image structure analysis for seismic interpretation[D]. Delft,Netherlands: Technische Universiteit, 2003.
[48] 李德毅，孟海军，史雪梅. 隶属云和隶属云发生器[J]. 计算机研究与发展，1995,32(6):15-20. Li Deyi, Meng Haijun, Shi Xuemei. Membership clounds and membership cloud generators[J]. Journal of Computer Research and Development, 1995,32(6):15-20.
[49] 韩东，胡向阳，邬兴威，刘坤岩，司朝年，王鹏. 基于地质统计学反演的缝洞储集体物性定量评价[J]. 地球物理学进展，2016,31(2):655-661. Han Dong, Hu Xiangyang, Wu Xingwei, Liu Kunyan, Si Chaonian, Wang Peng. Quantitative evaluation of physical properties of fracture cave reservoirs based on geostatistical inversion[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2016,31(2):655-661.
[50] Connolly P. Elastic impedance[J]. The Leading Edge, 1999, 18(4):438-452.
[51] Whitecombe D H.Elastic impedance normalization[J].Geophysics, 2002,67(1):60-62.
[52] 石玉梅，姚逢昌，孙虎生. 地震密度反演及地层孔隙度估计[J]. 地球物理学报，2010,53(1):189-196. Shi Yumei, Yao Fengchang, Sun Husheng. Inversion of seismic density and estimation of formation porosity[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2010,53(1):189-196.
[53] 邓炜，印兴耀，宗兆云. 等效流体体积模量直接反演的流体识别方法 [J]. 石油地球物理勘探，2017,52(2):315-325. Deng Wei, Yin Xingyao, Zong Zhaoyun. Fluid identification method for direct inversion of bulk modulus of equivalent fluid[J]. Oil Geophysical Exploration, 2017,52(2):315-325.