塔里木盆地超深层海相碳酸盐岩勘探发现与启示

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2025.03.002

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 塔里木盆地海相碳酸盐岩主要分布在克拉通区早古生代的海相地层中，埋深均超过6000m，碳酸盐岩厚度大，分布面积广。但古老碳酸盐岩成储成藏复杂，其勘探案例对超深层（≥6000m)油气勘探具有重要启示作用。本文分析塔里木盆地近40年碳酸盐岩油气勘探的艰苦探索历程，剖析了超深层碳酸盐岩大油气田重大发现的理论技术与部署思路。勘探实践表明，塔里木盆地碳酸盐岩经历了4个阶段的艰辛探索，通过超深层潜山岩溶、礁滩体岩溶、层间岩溶、断控岩溶储层地质理论认识创新，揭示了超深层古老碳酸盐岩岩溶储层在古隆起—斜坡—坳陷规模分布的形成机理，指导了勘探部署思路的转变与重大新突破；通过三维高精度地震勘探，形成了超深层碳酸盐岩储层缝洞量化雕刻、走滑断裂精细表征为主的勘探技术系列，实现了非均质岩溶缝洞储层的有效预测，支撑了超深层复杂碳酸盐岩勘探的持续发现。塔里木盆地勘探实践形成的超深古老碳酸盐岩岩溶储层的勘探理论与技术创新，突破了克拉通区“古隆起控油”与“生油深度死亡线”等传统理论，实现了从古隆起高部位向斜坡—坳陷区重大战略转移，勇闯勘探禁区的思路转变与勘探开发一体化是超深层古老碳酸盐岩勘探大发现的成功经验。

关键词: 超深层, 碳酸盐岩, 岩溶储层, 缝洞雕刻技术, 大油气田, 勘探历程, 塔里木盆地

Abstract: Marine carbonate rocks in Tarim Basin are mainly distributed in the Early Paleozoic marine strata in cratonic zone, with a burial depth of greater than 6000 m, a large thickness, and wide distribution area. The reservoir formation and hydrocarbon accumulation mechanisms in ancient carbonate rocks are complex, so the case studies have important enlightenments for the petroleum exploration in the ultra-deep formation (≥6000 m). The arduous exploration of carbonate oil and gas resources in Tarim Basin for 40 years has been summarized, and the theory, technology and deployment ideas of major discoveries in large ultra-deep carbonate oil and gas fields have been analyzed. The field practice shows that the exploration of carbonate rocks in Tarim Basin has gone through four major stages. Through the understanding and innovation of geological theories of ultra-deep buried hill karst, reef beach karst, interlayer karst and fault controlled karst reservoirs, the formation mechanism of large-scale ultra-deep ancient carbonate rock karst reservoirs in paleo-uplift–slope–depression has been revealed, which has guided the transformation of exploration deployment ideas and major new breakthroughs; After implementing 3D high-precision seismic exploration, a series of exploration techniques dominated by quantitative fracture and cave carving and fine characterization of strike slip faults in ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs have been formed, achieving effective prediction of heterogeneous karst fractured and cavity reservoirs, and supporting the constant discoveries in ultra-deep complex carbonate rocks. The exploration theory and technical innovation of ultra-deep ancient carbonate karst reservoirs formed by exploration practice in Tarim Basin have broken through the traditional theories of “oil reservoir controlled by paleo uplift” and “dead line of oil generation” in the cratonic zone, and realized the major strategic shift from structural high part of the paleo uplift to the slope–depression zone. The experience of successful exploration in the ultra-deep ancient carbonate rocks includes the change of idea to bravely breaking the exploration forbidden zone and the integration of exploration and development.

Key words: ultra-deep formation, carbonate rock, karst reservoir, fracture and cave carving technology, large oil and gas field, exploration history, Tarim Basin

中图分类号:

TE121

张丽娟, 苏洲, 刘永福, 张银涛. 塔里木盆地超深层海相碳酸盐岩勘探发现与启示[J]. 中国石油勘探, 2025, 30(3): 25-39.

Zhang Lijuan, Su Zhou, Liu Yongfu, Zhang Yintao. Exploration discovery in ultra-deep marine carbonate rocks and enlightenments, Tarim Basin[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2025, 30(3): 25-39.

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