塔里木盆地超深层海相碳酸盐岩岩溶储层勘探历程与启示

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2025.03.002

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 克拉通盆地早古生代海相碳酸盐岩是超深层 (>6000m) 油气勘探重要发展方向，但古老碳酸盐岩岩溶储层油气藏极为复杂，其勘探成功案例对超深层油气勘探具有重要启示作用。分析塔里木盆地近 40 年岩溶储层油气勘探的艰苦探索历程，剖析超深层碳酸盐岩大油气田重大发现的理论技术与部署思路创新。结果表明，塔里木盆地奥陶系灰岩岩溶储层成因与分布极为复杂，经历岩溶储层的 4 阶段艰辛勘探。通过超深层潜山岩溶、礁滩岩溶、层间岩溶、断控岩溶储层地质理论认识创新，揭示超深层古老碳酸盐岩可能在古隆起—斜坡 —坳陷形成多种规模岩溶储层，在每度勘探受挫后指导了勘探部署思路转变与重大新突破；通过二维—三维—高精度地震勘探、超深层碳酸盐岩储层地震描述技术为主的勘探技术创新，实现了超深层岩溶缝洞储层的有效预测与钻探，支撑了超深层复杂碳酸盐岩油气藏的发现与评价。塔里木盆地勘探实践形成了超深层古老碳酸盐岩岩溶储层的勘探理论技术，突破了克拉通盆地“古隆起控油”与“生油深度死亡线”等传统勘探理论，实现了从古隆起高部位向超深层斜坡—坳陷的潜山岩溶—礁滩岩溶—层间岩溶—断控岩溶储层大油气田的重大发现，理论认识与地震勘探技术创新、勇闯禁区的勘探思路转变与勘探开发一体化是超深层古老碳酸盐岩勘探大发现的成功经验。

关键词: 超深层, 岩溶储层, 地震技术, 大油气田, 勘探历程, 塔里木盆地

Abstract: The exploration and development of marine carbonate rocks in the Tarim Basin have been underway for nearly 40 years. Through five revolutionary shifts in mindset, focusing on changes in understanding karst reservoirs and hydrocarbon accumulation, and aiming to achieve quantitative modeling of karst-fractured cavities, the theory of ultra-deep marine carbonate oil and gas geology and exploration technology has been innovated and developed. This has guided the transformation of carbonate exploration targets from buried-hill karst, reef-shoal karst, and interlayer karst to fault-controlled karst. The exploration frontier is continuously approaching source rocks, moving from ancient uplifts to ultra-deep ancient slopes and paleo-depressions, leading to the discovery of several large carbonate oil and gas fields. Breakthroughs have led to the development of high-density 3D seismic exploration technology in large desert areas and quantitative modeling of fractures and cavities, confirming geological reserves equivalent to 2 billion tons of oil, and achieving an annual oil and gas output equivalent to 5 million tons, advancing the establishment of largest ultra-deep oil and gas production base in China. In the practice of exploring ultra-deep carbonates in the Tarim Basin, the success of rapid exploration discoveries has been attributed to the philosophy of unrestricted exploration, continuous innovation in karst theory and understanding of hydrocarbon accumulation, advances in 3D seismic exploration technology, and the integration of exploration and development. Under special geological conditions such as long-term shallow burial, late-stage rapid deep burial, and a cold basin environment, effective source rocks developed in the early basin stages. Large effective reservoir-caprock combinations have developed in ultra-deep formations, forming extensive belts of hydrocarbon accumulation. With ongoing theoretical innovation and technological advancement, ultra-deep carbonate remains a critical area for substantial reserve growth in the future.

Key words: ultra-deep carbonate rock, strike-slip fault, reservoir, hydrocarbon accumulation, enrichment model, Tarim Basin

中图分类号:

TE121

张丽娟, 陈利新, 张银涛. 塔里木盆地超深层海相碳酸盐岩岩溶储层勘探历程与启示[J]. 中国石油勘探, 2025, 30(3): 23-35.

Zhang Lijuan, Chen Lixin, Zhang Yintao. Discovery and exploration implications of high-yield oil and gas accumulation zone of ultra deep sea carbonate rocks in Tarim Basin[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2025, 30(3): 23-35.

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